This article aims to analyze the evolution of Brazilian criminal organization Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC—First Command of the Capital), especially its transformation from a group advocating human rights to a transnational violent non-state actor. Created in the late 1990s by inmates at Taubate Prison, PCC is currently a key trigger of violence in South America. Since a massive attack performed in 2006 against security forces, the group continues to be highly operative, also coordinating drugs and arms smuggling in Brazil and abroad. A combination of sources supported this analysis of PCC’s evolution, mainly Brazilian official judicial minutes, NGOs reports, and news released from reputable sources. The article shows that PCC has gained strength in the 2010s, expanding illicit business operations in cooperation with other criminal groups. The results suggest that PCC’s expansion has changed significantly since their beginnings, into an actor that poses a challenge for the building of peaceful society in all of South America.

中文翻译：

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巴西犯罪组织作为跨国暴力非国家行为者：以 Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) 为例

本文旨在分析巴西犯罪组织Primeiro Comando da Capital（PCC-First Command of the Capital）的演变，特别是它从一个倡导人权的团体到一个跨国暴力非国家行为者的转变。PCC 于 1990 年代后期由 Taubate 监狱的囚犯创建，目前是南美洲暴力的主要触发因素。自从 2006 年对安全部队发动大规模袭击以来，该组织继续保持高度活动性，还协调巴西和国外的毒品和武器走私活动。多种来源支持对 PCC 演变的这种分析，主要是巴西官方司法记录、非政府组织的报告和来自知名来源的新闻。文章表明，PCC 在 2010 年代获得了力量，与其他犯罪集团合作扩大了非法商业活动。