Kinship ties play an important role in organised crime, but little attention has been paid as yet to criminal families and intergenerational transmission of delinquent behaviour as well as criminal ‘leadership.’ This paper presents the results of an in-depth study of seven families in the south of the Netherlands that produced a leader of a criminal group in at least one generation. In almost every generation, most male and female members of these families have criminal records, but intergenerational transmission of criminal leadership has so far occurred in only two families. There is a range of risk factors that promote criminal behaviour across generations, but an important explanation is that family members select their partners and friends from their own closed and deviant subcultures, and seem to favour those who have already developed criminal track records. Apart from risk factors at the individual, family and social environment levels, criminal behaviour was also stimulated by the seven families quickly taking advantage of emerging crime markets, particularly ecstasy production and indoor cannabis cultivation from the 1990s onwards.

中文翻译：

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代际传播和有组织犯罪。荷兰南部七个家庭的研究

亲属关系在有组织犯罪中发挥着重要作用，但迄今为止很少有人关注犯罪家庭和犯罪行为的代际传递以及犯罪“领导”。本文介绍了对荷兰南部的七个家庭进行深入研究的结果，这些家庭至少在一代人的时间里培养了一个犯罪集团的领导人。在几乎每一代人中，这些家庭的大多数男性和女性成员都有犯罪记录，但迄今为止，犯罪领导力的代际传递只发生在两个家庭中。有一系列风险因素会促进代际犯罪行为，但一个重要的解释是家庭成员从他们自己封闭和越轨的亚文化中选择他们的伴侣和朋友，并且似乎偏爱那些已经有犯罪记录的人。除了个人、家庭和社会环境层面的风险因素外，七个家庭迅速利用新兴的犯罪市场，特别是 1990 年代以来的摇头丸生产和室内大麻种植，也刺激了犯罪行为。