Since the election of Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte in 2016, extra-judicial killings (EJKs, hereafter) have become commonplace as a result of his administration’s declaration of war on drugs. Empirical cross-national work on examining determinants behind state repression remains scant especially in understanding the phenomenon at the sub-national level. This study investigates what accounts for variations on EJKs at the level of Philippine provinces. Using monthly panel-data for 62 provinces and employing various count-model regressions, the findings indicate that Philippine provinces which have large populations, stronger state capacity, and are more affluent in terms of the human development index are more likely to exhibit higher rates of EJKs. Furthermore, the vote share of the President in the 2016 elections and presidential visits to specific provinces are correlated with higher incidences of EJKs—corroborating theories on delegative democracies and penal populism. Lastly, it is found that drug-prone provinces are more likely to experience a higher share of human rights violations in terms of EJKs, compared to provinces that have lower affectation rates. The implications suggest that the Philippine war on drugs seem to promote vertical accountability as international criticism and domestic opposition mounts.

中文翻译：

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在国家以下一级检查菲律宾法外处决的决定因素：刑事民粹主义和纵向问责制的作用

自2016年菲律宾总统Rodrigo Duterte选举以来，由于他的政府对药物战争的战争宣布，司法杀戮（以下ejks）成为普遍的普遍存在。研究国家镇压背后决定因素的实证跨国工作仍然很少，尤其是在理解次国家层面的现象方面。本研究调查了菲律宾各省一级 EJK 变化的原因。使用 62 个省的月度面板数据并采用各种计数模型回归，研究结果表明，人口众多、国家能力更强、人类发展指数更富裕的菲律宾省份更有可能表现出更高的比率。 EJK。此外，总统在 2016 年选举中的投票份额和总统访问特定省份与 EJK 发生率较高相关——证实了关于授权民主和刑事民粹主义的理论。最后，研究发现，与装作率较低的省份相比，毒品泛滥的省份在 EJK 方面更有可能遭受更高比例的侵犯人权行为。其含义表明，随着国际批评和国内反对的增加，菲律宾的禁毒战争似乎促进了纵向问责制。与作弊率较低的省份相比。其含义表明，随着国际批评和国内反对的增加，菲律宾的禁毒战争似乎促进了纵向问责制。与作弊率较低的省份相比。其含义表明，随着国际批评和国内反对的增加，菲律宾的禁毒战争似乎促进了纵向问责制。