How do periods of conflict and peace shape women's empowerment around the world? While existing studies have demonstrated that gender inequalities contribute to the propensity for armed conflict, we consider how the anticipation and realization of armed conflict shape women's opportunities for influence in society. Some scholars have pointed to the role that militarization and threat play in entrenching male dominance, while others have argued that periods of warfare can upend existing gender hierarchical orders. We posit mechanisms by which the preparation for and experiences during war affect change in women's empowerment. We develop and test observable implications using cross-national data from 1900 to 2015. We find that, at least in the short and medium term, warfare can disrupt social institutions and lead to an increase in women's empowerment via mechanisms related to role shifts across society and political shifts catalyzed by war. Reforming institutions and mainstreaming gender during peace processes stand to have important legacies for gender power relations in postconflict societies, though much more may be needed for more permanent change.

中文翻译：

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冲突、和平与女性赋权的演变

冲突与和平时期如何影响世界各地的妇女赋权？虽然现有研究表明，性别不平等会导致武装冲突的倾向，但我们会考虑武装冲突的预期和实现如何塑造女性在社会中的影响机会。一些学者指出了军事化和威胁在巩固男性主导地位方面所起的作用，而另一些学者则认为战争时期可以颠覆现有的性别等级秩序。我们提出了一些机制，战争期间的准备和经历会影响妇女赋权的变化。我们使用 1900 年至 2015 年的跨国数据开发和测试可观察到的影响。我们发现，至少在短期和中期，战争会破坏社会制度，并通过与整个社会的角色转变和战争引发的政治转变相关的机制来增强妇女的权能。在和平进程中改革机构和将性别观点纳入主流对于冲突后社会中的性别权力关系来说无疑是重要的遗产，尽管可能需要更多的东西来实现更持久的变革。