Two-dimensional (2D) materials provide an intriguing means to not only study physical phenomena but also serve as disruptive membranes for ionic selectivity and sensing based applications. Atomic thinness of these materials affords a unique environment in an all-surface material to unlock challenges towards improving desalination, energy harvesting and DNA sensing. This review provides an overview on some common 2D materials used in membrane applications for solving these challenges along with opportunities where 2D materials could add value to existing solutions. Following this, different types of 2D materials and structures are discussed with their relative advantages and disadvantages highlighted. Fabrication and methods of creating pores within 2D membranes are then presented with a focus on altering surface characteristics. Selected works within the field are highlighted and placed into a wider context, comparing their merits and shortfalls. A discussion of state-of-the-art performance for ionic transport, molecular sensing and power generation is then presented. This review concludes with an outlook on emerging methods and discussing exciting future directions.

二维（2D）材料提供了一种有趣的方法，不仅可以研究物理现象，还可以用作离子选择性和基于传感的应用的破坏性膜。这些材料的原子厚度在全表面材料中提供了独特的环境，从而解决了改善脱盐，能量收集和DNA传感方面的挑战。这篇综述概述了用于膜应用的一些常见2D材料，以解决这些挑战，以及2D材料可以为现有解决方案增加价值的机会。在此之后，讨论了不同类型的2D材料和结构，并突出了它们的相对优缺点。然后介绍了在2D膜内创建孔的制造方法和方法，重点是改变表面特性。突出显示该领域内的精选作品，并将其放在更广阔的背景下，比较它们的优缺点。然后介绍了离子传输，分子传感和发电的最新性能。这篇综述以对新兴方法的展望以及讨论令人兴奋的未来方向作为结尾。