In the ancient civilizations, the sky has been observed in order to understand the motions of the celestial bodies above the horizon. The study of faiths and practices dealing with the sky in the past has been attributed to the sun, the moon, and the prominent stars. The alignment and orientation of constructions to significant celestial objects were a common practice. The orientation was an important component of the religious structure design. Religious buildings often have an intentional orientation to fix the praying direction. In Islam, a sacred direction (Qibla) towards Kaaba located in the courtyard in the Sacred Mosque in Mecca has been used for praying and fulfilling varied ritual tasks. Therefore, the mosques had then to orientate towards the Qibla direction, being designated by a focal niche in the Qibla-wall, wherever they were built on Earth. In this study, the orientations of the historical Grand mosques in Turkey are surveyed with regard to the folk astronomy derived from pre-Islamic Arabian sources, early traditions of the Islamic period, and geometric-trigonometric computation in mathematical astronomy inherited and developed mostly from Greek sources according to the Islamic view of the World geography.

中文翻译：

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安纳托利亚（土耳其）历史悠久的大清真寺的天文方位

在古代文明中，人们观察天空是为了了解地平线上方天体的运动。过去对处理天空的信仰和实践的研究归因于太阳、月亮和突出的星星。建筑与重要天体的对齐和方向是一种常见的做法。朝向是宗教结构设计的重要组成部分。宗教建筑通常有一个有意的方向来确定祈祷的方向。在伊斯兰教中，位于麦加神圣清真寺庭院中的朝天房的神圣方向（朝拜）已被用于祈祷和完成各种仪式任务。因此，清真寺必须朝向朝拜方向，由朝拜墙的焦点壁龛指定，它们建在地球上的任何地方。在这项研究中，土耳其历史大清真寺的方向调查了源自前伊斯兰阿拉伯来源的民间天文学、伊斯兰时期的早期传统以及主要从希腊继承和发展的数学天文学中的几何三角计算。来源根据伊斯兰世界地理观。