In this paper I show how what came to be known as “the double law of habit,” first formulated by Joseph Butler in a discussion of moral psychology in 1736, was taken up and developed by medical physiologists William Porterfield, Robert Whytt, and William Cullen as they disputed fundamental questions regarding the influence of the mind on the body, the possibility of unconscious mental processes, and the nature and extent of voluntary action. The paper shows, on a particular topic, the overlap between eighteenth-century philosophical writings on the science of human nature on the one hand, and medical writings and lectures in physiology on the other. Other early modern writers discussed in the paper include Rene Descartes, Herman Boerhaave and David Hume.

中文翻译：

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英国启蒙运动中的生理学和人性科学中的习惯和习惯


在这篇论文中，我展示了后来被称为“习惯的双重定律”的东西是如何由约瑟夫·巴特勒 (Joseph Butler) 在 1736 年的道德心理学讨论中首次提出的，后来被医学生理学家威廉·波特菲尔德、罗伯特·怀特和威廉接受并发展Cullen 就心智对身体的影响、无意识心智过程的可能性以及自愿行为的性质和程度等基本问题提出了争议。该论文在一个特定主题上展示了 18 世纪关于人性科学的哲学著作与另一方面的医学著作和生理学讲座之间的重叠。论文中讨论的其他早期现代作家包括勒内·笛卡尔、赫尔曼·布尔哈夫和大卫·休谟。