The denizens of Indian Territory found themselves caught between two powerful belligerents during the American Civil War. In the eastern half of the territory, numerous battles raged among Indian, black, and white troops. The conflict ravaged the home front for members of the Five Nations there and for the Plains tribes who resided in the western portion of the territory. From 1861 to 1865 the American Civil War raged after decades of sectional animosity between North and South, and the fratricidal bloodbath lives on in the imaginations of countless Americans. The endless public fascination with the Civil War has prompted one prominent historian to describe it as " The War That Never Goes Away. " 1 One need not be a native of a former Confederate state to fall spellbound to the tragic " War for Southern Independence, " and one need not hail from a Northern state to appreciate the Union's heroic effort to preserve the nation and eventually dismantle the abomination of chattel slavery. But where does that leave individuals who seek to understand the violent conflict in Indian Territory, a region populated predominantly by people who were neither Northern nor Southern and indeed were not U.S. citizens? In recent years scholars have brought a degree of geographical balance to the study of the war by looking beyond the famed battles and leaders of the eastern theater and dedicating increased attention to the endless war in the western and Trans-Mississippi regions.2 This volume continues that admirable trend and contributes to the relatively sparse scholarly literature of the Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory.3 The contributors approach the subject from multiple perspectives in eight essays that incorporate modern scholarship and interpretations into a readable narrative designed for students and scholars alike. The Civil War began forty-six years before Oklahoma statehood, but the ravages of war transcended political distinctions such as statehood. The residents of what was then known as Indian Territory experienced the horrors of civil war as vividly as almost any other population. So, when historians and students consider the region's role in the Civil War, do they think first of individuals who remained loyal to the United States or those who struggled for Southern independence? Perhaps the answer should be " Neither. " Instead, the conflict in Indian Territory presents a unique interpretive framework, what one might call a series of " wars within a war. …

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印度领土内战与重建：史学与新研究方向展望

在美国内战期间，印第安领地的居民发现自己被夹在两个强大的交战国之间。在领土的东半部，印第安人、黑人和白人军队之间爆发了无数的战斗。冲突破坏了那里五国成员和居住在该领土西部的平原部落的大本营。从 1861 年到 1865 年，美国南北战争在经历了数十年的局部敌意后爆发，自相残杀的血腥屠杀继续存在于无数美国人的想象中。公众对内战无休止的迷恋促使一位著名的历史学家将其描述为“永不消逝的战争”。1 一个人不必是前邦联国家的本地人，也会陷入悲惨的“南方独立战争”中， ” 一个人不必来自北方州，也能欣赏联邦为保护国家并最终废除动产奴隶制的可憎所作的英勇努力。但是，对于那些试图了解印度领土暴力冲突的人来说，该地区的主要人口既不是北方也不是南方，而且确实不是美国公民，这让他们何去何从？近年来，学者们超越了东部战区的著名战役和领导人，更多地关注西部和跨密西西比地区无休止的战争，从而为战争研究带来了一定程度的地理平衡。 2 本卷继续这种令人钦佩的趋势，并为印度领土内战和重建的相对稀少的学术文献做出了贡献。3 撰稿人在八篇文章中从多个角度探讨了该主题，这些文章将现代学术和解释融入了为学生和学者设计的可读叙事中。内战在俄克拉荷马州建州之前 46 年就开始了，但战争的破坏超越了建州等政治差异。当时被称为印度领土的居民几乎与其他任何人口一样，生动地体验了内战的恐怖。那么，当历史学家和学生考虑该地区在内战中的作用时，他们首先想到的是仍然忠于美国的人还是那些为南方独立而奋斗的人？或许答案应该是“两者都不是”。相反，印度领土的冲突提出了一个独特的解释框架，