During the Third Reich, alcohol served as both a literal and metaphorical lubricant for acts of violence and atrocity by the men of the Sturmabteilung (SA), the Schutzstaffel (SS), and the police. Scholars have extensively documented its use and abuse on the part of the perpetrators. For the SA, the SS, and the police, the consumption of alcohol was part of a ritual that not only bound the perpetrators together, but also became a facilitator of acts of “performative masculinity”—a type of masculinity expressly linked to physical or sexual violence. In many respects, the relationship among alcohol, masculinity, sex, and violence permeated all aspects of the Nazi killing process in the camps, the ghettos, and the killing fields. After the outbreak of war in September 1939, such practices were increasingly radicalized, with drinking and celebratory rituals becoming key elements for these closed male communities of perpetrators, who used them to prepare for acts of mass killing and, ultimately, genocide.

中文翻译：

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纳粹德国的饮酒仪式、男子气概和大屠杀

在第三帝国期间，酒精既是对 Sturmabteilung (SA)、Schutzstaffel (SS) 和警察的暴力和暴行行为的字面和隐喻的润滑剂。学者们广泛记录了肇事者对它的使用和滥用。对于南澳、党卫军和警察来说，饮酒是一种仪式的一部分，不仅将肇事者联系在一起，而且还成为“表演性男子气概”行为的促进者——一种与身体或身体有明确联系的男子气概。性暴力。在许多方面，酒精、男子气概、性和暴力之间的关系渗透到纳粹集中营、隔都和杀戮场的屠杀过程的方方面面。1939 年 9 月战争爆发后，这种做法越来越激进，