Historians of religion and higher education have naturally gravitated to the nineteenth century as a period that helps explain how an essentially medieval institution available mostly to a small number of elite men in 1800 became a common experience for many Americans, especially women, in the twentieth century. Since the establishment of higher education in North America, colleges had been contending with a secularizing society with increasingly liberal interpretations of religious doctrines. In response, administrators at Protestant colleges generally relaxed requirements for religious participation on campus in the late nineteenth century and began to focus on cultivating a service ethic among their graduates instead of instilling conversion-based religious orthodoxy. This coincided with a broader transition away from classical models of a liberal arts college to a coeducational, utilitarian, German-inspired university system where faculty conducted research instead of monitoring student behavior. Two recent works examine the impact of modernist religious thought on American colleges and universities while highlighting the stories and contributions of often-overlooked groups. Andrea L. Turpin’s book, A New Moral Vision: Gender, Religion, and the Changing Purposes of American Higher Education, 1837–1917, surveys institutional changes at mostly northern and midwestern colleges, highlighting the role of women as educators, administrators, and students in liberalizing and repurposing higher education. In American Universities and the Birth of Modern Mormonism, 1867–1940, Thomas W. Simpson explains how the exiled Mormon population remained conflicted about secu-

中文翻译：

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处于现代化边缘的高等教育

宗教和高等教育历史学家自然而然地将目光投向了 19 世纪，这一时期有助于解释在 1800 年主要为少数精英男性提供的基本上是中世纪的机构如何在 20 世纪成为许多美国人，尤其是女性的普遍经历。 . 自从北美建立高等教育以来，大学一直在与世俗化的社会作斗争，对宗教教义的解释越来越自由。作为回应，新教学院的管理人员在 19 世纪后期普遍放宽了对校园宗教参与的要求，并开始专注于在毕业生中培养服务道德，而不是灌输以皈依为基础的宗教正统观念。这恰逢从文理学院的经典模式向男女同校、功利主义、受德国启发的大学系统的更广泛过渡，在该系统中，教师进行研究而不是监控学生的行为。最近的两部作品考察了现代主义宗教思想对美国高校的影响，同时突出了经常被忽视的群体的故事和贡献。Andrea L. Turpin 的著作 A New Moral Vision: Gender, Religion, and the changed purpose of American Higher Education, 1837–1917 调查了大部分北部和中西部大学的制度变迁，强调了女性作为教育者、行政人员和学生的作用在自由化和重新利用高等教育方面。在美国大学和现代摩门教的诞生，1867-1940 年，Thomas W.