ObjectivesSympathetic nervous activity plays an important role in behavior related to competition. However, the hemodynamic response patterns of winners and losers during competition remain largely unknown. This study examined the differences between winners’ and losers’ hemodynamic and psychological responses (their evaluation of perceived demands and resources and their positive and negative emotions) to competition.MethodsThe participants included 30 university students, who completed a competitive mirror-drawing task (three times) in pairs as their cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were measured. Additionally, they were required to answer a question regarding their subjective psychological state before and during the competition. The participants were assigned to a Winner or a Loser group based on outcomes.ResultsThe Winner group presented greater CO changes than the Loser group, while the Loser group displayed greater TPR changes than the Winner group. Moreover, the Winner group scored significantly higher on resource/demand evaluation than the Loser group. Although we observed no significant differences in terms of negative emotion, only the Winner group showed increased positive emotions from precompetition to competition.ConclusionsThis evidence suggests that winners and losers display different patterns of enhanced sympathetic-cardiovascular responses to competition; winners are characterized by a myocardial response pattern, while losers are characterized by a vascular response pattern. The psychological responses that depend on one’s position during a competition provide information on the quality of hemodynamic responses to competition.

中文翻译：

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比赛中获胜者和失败者之间的差异：比赛中认知和情感方面与血流动力学反应的关系

目的交感神经活动在与竞争有关的行为中起重要作用。但是，在比赛中获胜者和输者的血液动力学反应模式仍然未知。这项研究调查了胜利者和失败者对竞争的血液动力学和心理反应（他们对所感知的需求和资源以及他们的正面和负面情绪的评估）之间的差异。方法参与者包括30名大学生，他们完成了一项竞争性的绘画任务（三个分别测量其心输出量（CO）和总外周阻力（TPR）。此外，还要求他们在比赛之前和比赛期间回答有关其主观心理状态的问题。根据结果​​将参与者分配到优胜者或失败者小组。结果优胜者组的CO变化比败者组大，而失败者组的TPR变化比胜者组大。此外，优胜者小组在资源/需求评估方面的得分明显高于失败者小组。尽管我们在消极情绪方面没有观察到显着差异，但只有胜利者组在比赛前到比赛中表现出增加的积极情绪。结论这一证据表明，胜利者和失败者表现出不同的竞争性交感心血管反应模式。胜利者的特点是心肌反应，而失败者的特点是血管反应。在比赛过程中，取决于个人姿势的心理反应会提供有关竞争的血液动力学反应质量的信息。