Purpose With roots dating back to the early twentieth century, integrated rural development (IRD) is a term that became commonplace in international development circles in the 1960s and afterwards. Based largely on a dual concept of helping to meet basic needs and improve the overall quality of life of poor people from rural and remote regions within national contexts, IRD initiatives have undergone a series of shifts in emphases, approaches and funding schemes. The purpose of this paper is to document the historical background and development of IRD initiatives over time. Design/methodology/approach The research design for this study included a series of mixed data collection methods, including case study examples of best practices, interviews and a thorough review of the formal literature, as well as an in-depth examination of alternative and multi-media literature (e.g. project reports, policy reports, government reports, working papers, newspaper articles, internet publications, etc.). Findings The findings of this paper are divided into the following sections. First, key terms of IRD are defined. Next, the background and overview of IRD is introduced including addressing how IRD is viewed as an approach to development, its historical evolution over time, some major IRD initiatives and the major development organizations engaged in promoting IRD. Third, an examination of several IRD models is introduced based on recommended methodologies, noting the sequencing of interventions important to successful IRD initiatives, select examples of IRD initiatives built on public-private partnerships, and the positive and negative outcomes and impacts from select IRD approaches. Originality/value The final section focuses on conclusions and seven key recommendations (or ingredients) outlined by the author as essential for implementing successful IRD initiatives: first, create an enabling environment that is conducive and supportive of IRD; second, establish a National Policy Framework for Integrated Development, which includes IRD; third, establish supportive policies and a legal framework that is based on the National Policy Framework; fourth, include two or more sectoral approaches in the initiative (e.g. agriculture, education, health, employment, infrastructure and industry, environment, etc.); fifth, garner participation and commitment from all stakeholders during each of the planning, implementation and evaluation stages; sixth, secure initial seed capital and funding and afterwards sustained funding streams; and seventh, conduct continual monitoring and evaluation throughout the lifespan of the entire initiative with specific adherence to the four key principles of good governance: coordination, information flow, transparency and accountability.

中文翻译：

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历史和全球视角的农村综合发展

目的起源于20世纪初的农村综合开发（IRD）一词在1960年代及其后的国际发展圈中已很普遍。税务局的举措主要基于在国家背景下帮助满足农村地区和偏远地区穷人的基本需求并改善其总体生活质量的双重概念，其重点，方法和供资计划发生了一系列变化。本文的目的是记录IRD计划的历史背景和发展趋势。设计/方法/方法这项研究的研究设计包括一系列混合数据收集方法，包括最佳实践案例研究，访谈和对正式文献的全面回顾，以及对替代和多媒体文献（例如项目报告，政策报告，政府报告，工作文件，报纸文章，互联网出版物等）的深入研究。调查结果本文的调查结果分为以下几节。首先，对IRD的关键术语进行了定义。接下来，介绍了IRD的背景和概述，包括阐述如何将IRD视为一种发展方式，其历史的演变，一些主要的IRD倡议以及从事促进IRD的主要发展组织。第三，根据推荐的方法对几种IRD模型进行了审查，指出了对成功的IRD计划重要的干预措施的顺序，选择了基于公私伙伴关系的IRD计划示例，以及某些IRD方法带来的正面和负面结果以及影响。原创性/价值最后一部分着重于结论和作者概述的七个关键建议（或要素），这些建议对成功实施IRD计划至关重要：首先，创造一个有利于IRD的有利环境；第二，建立包括IRD在内的国家综合发展政策框架；第三，建立以国家政策框架为基础的支持性政策和法律框架；第四，在倡议中包括两种或多种部门方法（例如，农业，教育，卫生，就业，基础设施和工业，环境等）；第五，在计划，实施和评估的每个阶段都需要所有利益相关者的参与和承诺；第六，确保最初的种子资金和资金，然后获得持续的资金来源；第七，在整个倡议的整个生命周期中进行持续的监测和评估，并特别遵守善政的四个关键原则：协调，信息流，透明度和问责制。