Due to the increasing penetration of distributed renewable energy generation systems, their participation in power system restoration is gaining a growing interest. For the black start of a system without synchronous generation, Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECSs) must be able to control voltage and frequency. However, WECSs have been traditionally controlled as current sources. This paper proposes a decentralized control system for the black start of WECSs operating in parallel. In comparison with known methods for operation of distributed energy resources without synchronous generation, this paper specifically addresses the requirements of WECSs. Total wind power is regulated to match the demand during the black start process. This power is shared between WECSs according to the wind power available in each of wind turbine using a droop control characteristic between the voltage and active power. Using the so-called reactive power synchronization method, the WECSs can operate in synchronism even if wind power is significantly different in each wind turbine. Simulation results for a case study where two WECSs are connected in parallel are presented to validate the proposal.

中文翻译：

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全变频器风力发电机黑启动的分散频率控制

由于分布式可再生能源发电系统的日益普及，其参与电力系统恢复的兴趣日益浓厚。对于没有同步发电的系统的黑启动，风能转换系统（WECS）必须能够控制电压和频率。但是，传统上将WECS作为电流源进行控制。本文提出了一种用于并行运行的WECS黑启动的分散控制系统。与不运行同步发电的分布式能源运行的已知方法相比，本文专门解决了WECS的需求。在黑启动过程中调节总风能以适应需求。使用电压和有功功率之间的下垂控制特性，根据每个风力涡轮机中可用的风力在WECS之间共享该功率。使用所谓的无功功率同步方法，即使每个风力涡轮机中的风力明显不同，WECS也可以同步运行。给出了两个WECS并联连接的案例研究的仿真结果，以验证该建议。