Background

Global reforms in the education of health workers has culminated in the implementation of competency-based education and training (CBET). In line with the CBET model, competency frameworks are now commonplace in the health professions. In pharmacy, these frameworks are used to regulate career entry, benchmark standards of practice and facilitate expertise development.

Objective

This systematic review assessed the development, validity and applicability to practice of pharmacy-related competency frameworks.

Method

PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, Embase, ERIC, Scopus, ProQuest and PsycINFO electronic databases were searched to identify relevant literature. Additional searching included Google Scholar, electronic sources of grey literature, and the Member Organisation websites of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). The findings of this review were synthesised and reported narratively. The review protocol is registered on PROSPERO with reference number CRD42018096580.

Results

In total, 53 pharmacy-related frameworks were identified. The majority (n = 38, 72%) were from high income countries in Europe and the Western Pacific region, with only three each from countries in South East Asia (SEA) and Africa. The identified frameworks were developed through a variety of methods that included expert group consultation used alone, or in combination with a literature review, job/role evaluation, or needs assessment. Profession wide surveys and consensus via a nominal group, Delphi, or modified Delphi technique were the primary methods used in framework validation. The competencies in the respective frameworks were generally ranked relevant to practice, thereby confirming validity and applicability. However, variations in competency-related terminologies and descriptors were observed. Disparities on perception of relevance also existed in relation to area of practice, length of experience, and level of competence. For example, pharmaceutical care competencies were typically ranked high in relevance in the frameworks, compared to others such as the research-related competencies.

Conclusion

The validity and applicability to practice of pharmacy-related frameworks highlights their importance in competency-based education and training (CBET). However, the observed disparities in framework terminologies and development methods suggest the need for harmonisation.

中文翻译：

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药学相关能力框架的发展、有效性和适用性：系统评价

背景

卫生工作者教育的全球改革以实施基于能力的教育和培训（CBET）而告终。与 CBET 模型一致，能力框架现在在卫生专业中很常见。在药学中，这些框架用于规范职业进入、基准实践标准和促进专业知识的发展。

客观的

本系统评价评估了药学相关能力框架实践的发展、有效性和适用性。

方法

检索了 PubMed/Medline、CINAHL、Embase、ERIC、Scopus、ProQuest 和 PsycINFO 电子数据库以识别相关文献。其他搜索包括 Google Scholar、灰色文献的电子资源和国际药学联合会 (FIP) 的成员组织网站。综合并叙述性地报告了本次审查的结果。审查协议在 PROSPERO 上注册，参考号为 CRD42018096580。

结果

总共确定了 53 个与药学相关的框架。大多数（n = 38, 72%）来自欧洲和西太平洋地区的高收入国家，只有三个来自东南亚（SEA）和非洲国家。确定的框架是通过多种方法制定的，包括单独使用专家组咨询，或结合文献审查、工作/角色评估或需求评估。通过名义小组、Delphi 或改进的 Delphi 技术进行的专业范围调查和共识是框架验证中使用的主要方法。各自框架中的能力通常与实践相关，从而确认有效性和适用性。然而，观察到与能力相关的术语和描述符的变化。在实践领域、经验长度和能力水平方面，对相关性的看法也存在差异。例如，与研究相关能力等其他能力相比，药学服务能力在框架中的相关性通常排名靠前。

结论

药学相关框架在实践中的有效性和适用性突出了它们在基于能力的教育和培训 (CBET) 中的重要性。然而，在框架术语和开发方法方面观察到的差异表明需要进行协调。