An emerging literature suggests that the success of social movements depends, partly, on their ability to garner support from third-party groups. One factor that appears to predict support is social movements’ use of nonviolent (compared to violent) strategies to achieve their goals. However, this literature is not definitive. Herein, we report the results of a meta-analysis of research that has assessed the effect of the use of nonviolence on third-party support (k = 16, N = 4598). A small-to-moderate positive effect was observed, d = 0.25. Additionally, research that used a control or baseline comparison group suggested that using nonviolent strategies marginally (p = .090) increased people's willingness to help the movement (d = 0.17) while adopting violent strategies did not increase or decrease people's willingness to help the movement (d = −0.03). Publication bias was evidenced by bigger effect sizes of published (vs. unpublished) studies. Target (i.e., state vs. social issues) and location of the protest (i.e., domestic vs. foreign) were not significant moderators, whereas the context (i.e., real vs. hypothetical scenarios) was, although marginally. Results suggest that it behooves social movements to adopt nonviolent strategies if third-party support is desired.

中文翻译：

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社会运动策略（非暴力与暴力）和第三方支持的获得：元分析

一项新兴文献表明，社会运动的成功在一定程度上取决于它们获得第三方团体支持的能力。一个似乎可以预测支持的因素是社会运动使用非暴力（与暴力相比）策略来实现其目标。然而，这些文献并不是决定性的。在此，我们报告了一项荟萃分析的结果，该研究评估了非暴力使用对第三方支持的影响（k  = 16，N  = 4598）。观察到小到中等的积极作用，d  = 0.25。此外，使用对照组或基线比较组的研究表明，略微使用非暴力策略 ( p = .090) 会增加人们帮助运动的意愿（d = 0.17) 而采用暴力策略并没有增加或减少人们帮助运动的意愿 ( d = -0.03)。已发表（与未发表）研究的较大效应量证明了发表偏倚。目标（即国家与社会问题）和抗议地点（即国内与国外）不是重要的调节因素，而背景（即真实与假设情景）是，尽管微不足道。结果表明，如果需要第三方支持，社会运动应该采取非暴力策略。