This study presents a multi-disciplinary approach for combining geological-geomorphological field mapping with different surface deformation monitoring techniques (i.e. extensometer, tachymetry, photogrammetry, airborne laser scanning (ALS), terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV)) to evaluate the impact of structural features on the formation process and deformation behaviour of the deep-seated Marzellkamm rock compound slide. The investigated rock slide is located in a high-alpine, glacier retreat environment in Northern Tyrol (Ötztal Alps, Austria) and formed in a well-foliated, fractured metamorphic rock mass. The total volume of the rock slide of approximately 13 Mm³ was estimated based on geographic information system (GIS) analysis by comparing the surface topography and reconstructed geometry of the basal shear zone. In the upper part of the rock slide, annual mean velocities of up to 0.3 m/year were measured by a combined tachymetric-global navigation satellite system (GNSS) procedure. Based on multi-temporal terrain model analyses, the highest sliding velocities were obtained at the central slope foot area, reaching more than 1 m/year. Geological-geomorphological field mapping showed that the rock slide can be subdivided into two large rock slide systems with different geometry, formation age, and current activity. Furthermore, structural and geomorphological features (i.e. main and minor scarps, graben-structures, downhill- and uphill-facing scarps, tensile fractures, trenches), as well as surface deformation data, indicate the formation of six rock slide slabs. These slabs move downwards at different velocities and are separated by discrete shear zones, where slope displacement primarily accumulates. Large offsets along these shear zones indicate that internal slab deformation has only limited influence on the overall rock slide behaviour. At the Marzellkamm rock slide, pre-existing tectonic fault zones and planes were reactivated and used as weakness zones, playing a crucial role in the overall rock slide geometry and internal separation of the rock mass into slabs. Field survey and monitoring data suggest that a fully persistent, curved, non-circular basal shear zone has developed. Based on comprehensive analyses of mapping and deformation monitoring data, a geological-geometrical and kinematical model of the Marzellkamm rock slide was developed, providing a basis for site-specific hazard assessment and numerical modelling.

这项研究提出了一种多学科的方法，将地质-地貌场图与不同的表面变形监测技术（即引伸计，速测法，摄影测量法，机载激光扫描（ALS），地面激光扫描（TLS），无人驾驶飞行器（UAV））相结合评估结构特征对深层Marzellkamm岩石复合滑动的形成过程和变形行为的影响。所研究的岩石滑坡位于北蒂罗尔州（奥地利奥茨塔尔阿尔卑斯山）的高高山冰川撤退环境中，并形成了片状破碎的变质岩体。岩石滑梯的总体积约为13 Mm ³通过比较地理地形和基底剪切带的几何形状，基于地理信息系统（GIS）进行估算。在岩石滑坡的上部，通过测速－全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）组合程序测得的年平均速度高达0.3 m /年。基于多时相地形模型分析，在中央斜坡脚区域获得了最高的滑动速度，达到了每年1 m以上。地质-地貌场图显示，该滑坡可分为具有不同几何形状，形成年龄和当前活动的两个大型滑坡系统。此外，结构和地貌特征（即主要和次要的陡坡，grab陷结构，下坡和上坡陡坡，拉伸裂缝，trench沟），以及表面变形数据表明六块岩石滑动板的形成。这些板块以不同的速度向下移动，并被离散的剪切带隔开，在剪切带中主要是斜坡位移。沿这些剪切带的较大偏移表明，内部平板变形对整体岩石滑坡行为的影响有限。在Marzellkamm滑坡上，原有的构造断裂带和平面被重新激活并用作薄弱带，在整个滑坡几何形状和内部岩体到板块的分离中起着至关重要的作用。现场调查和监测数据表明，已经形成了一个完全持久的，弯曲的，非圆形的基础剪切带。基于对制图和变形监测数据的综合分析，