This research uses the latest Demographic and Health Surveys to investigate the heterogeneity of effects of socioeconomic and cultural factors on fertility preferences in Rwanda and Kenya, two countries undergoing fertility transition. The results show that the preference for high fertility in Rwanda is associated with few factors namely low education, protestant religion and high child mortality. In this country, economic factors are not significant. In Kenya, however, both socioeconomic and cultural factors are important. The propensity for high fertility is correlated with low economic status, low education, Muslim religion, large family size of origin, high child mortality, etc. While Rwanda tends to be homogenous with the attitude towards low fertility Kenya displays enormous variations. The negative attitude for high fertility in Rwanda, even among the poor and rural populations, has been linked with poverty awareness and scarcity of land, which undermine the traditional values attached to large families. The conclusion is that the relationships between socioeconomic and cultural factors and fertility preferences are not unidirectional; they may vary with local context. What is significant in one country may be with less important in another. Thus, the strategies to enhance the ongoing fertility transition should be country based, designed and implemented.

中文翻译：

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社会经济和文化因素对生育偏好的异质影响：卢旺达和肯尼亚的证据

这项研究使用最新的《人口与健康调查》来调查社会经济和文化因素对卢旺达和肯尼亚这两个正在经历生育过渡的国家的生育偏好的影响的异质性。结果表明，卢旺达偏爱高生育率的因素与教育程度低，新教信仰和儿童死亡率高等因素无关。在这个国家，经济因素并不重要。但是，在肯尼亚，社会经济和文化因素都很重要。高生育率的倾向与经济地位低，教育程度低，穆斯林宗教信仰，家庭出身大，儿童死亡率高等相关。尽管卢旺达对低生育率的态度趋于一致，但肯尼亚表现出巨大的差异。卢旺达对高生育率的消极态度，即使是在贫困人口和农村人口中，也与贫困意识和土地短缺联系在一起，这破坏了大家庭的传统价值观。结论是，社会经济和文化因素与生育偏好之间的关系不是单向的。它们可能会因当地情况而异。在一个国家中重要的事情在另一个国家中可能不那么重要。因此，加强正在进行的生育过渡的战略应基于国家，设计和实施。它们可能会因当地情况而异。在一个国家中重要的事情在另一个国家中可能不那么重要。因此，加强正在进行的生育过渡的战略应基于国家，设计和实施。它们可能会因当地情况而异。在一个国家中重要的事情在另一个国家中可能不那么重要。因此，加强正在进行的生育过渡的战略应基于国家，设计和实施。