This paper examines the effect of fertility on women’s labor market outcomes in Indonesia using data from the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey. Parental preferences for a mixed sibling-sex composition are used to construct an instrumental variable to identify the causal effect of fertility on a range of outcome variables, including labor force participation, full time employment, employment in the formal sector and occupational choices. Our findings confirm that Indonesian parents have a preference for gender mix in their offspring, suggesting that families with the first two children of the same sex are more likely to have a third child. The IV estimates show that having a third child because of the first two children being same sex reduces women’s labor force participation, formal employment and employment in agriculture, manufacturing, management and administration jobs. The effects are stronger for women aged 21–35 years, but largely insignificant for women aged 36–49 years.

中文翻译：

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印度尼西亚的同性性别组成，生育和女性劳动力市场的结果

本文使用印尼人口与健康调查的数据，考察了生育率对印尼女性劳动力市场成果的影响。父母对同胞性别混合的偏爱被用来构建一个工具变量，以确定生育对一系列结果变量的因果关系，这些结果变量包括劳动力参与，全职工作，正规部门的就业和职业选择。我们的研究结果证实，印尼父母对后代的性别偏好较高，这表明前两个同性孩子的家庭更容易生第三个孩子。IV的估算表明，由于前两个孩子的性别而生第三个孩子会减少妇女的劳动力参与，正式就业以及在农业，制造业，管理和行政工作。对于21-35岁的女性影响更大，但对于36-49岁的女性则微不足道。