The upper middle classes have worked over the past century to transform the Hindu temple from a symbol of “backwardness” to a symbol of the modern Indian city. By writing books and journal articles, filing lawsuits and organizing campaigns—thereby engaging in what Sanjay Joshi calls “cultural entrepreneurialism”—individuals in this segment of society both respond to and shape an evolving global discourse on Indian modernity. This article focuses in particular on the ways in which they have worked on Kālīghāṭ, a Hindu temple and pilgrimage site in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) that was once the target of the most vehement criticisms of temple Hinduism, but is now promoted as an appropriate symbol of modern Kolkata. This case study on one prominent temple in an Indian metropolis sheds light on a process that has shaped notions of Hindu temples throughout the nation.

中文翻译：

---

Kālīghāṭ 与中产阶级现代性的形成

上个世纪以来，上层中产阶级努力将印度教寺庙从“落后”的象征转变为现代印度城市的象征。通过撰写书籍和期刊文章、提起诉讼和组织运动——从而参与 Sanjay Joshi 所谓的“文化创业主义”——这一社会阶层的个人既回应又塑造了关于印度现代性的不断发展的全球话语。本文特别关注他们在 Kālīghāṭ 的工作方式，Kālīghāṭ 是加尔各答（前身为加尔各答）的印度教寺庙和朝圣地，曾经是对印度教寺庙最激烈批评的目标，但现在被提升为适当的象征现代加尔各答。