The unexpected revitalization of Polish Jewish traditionalism—Hasidic and non-Hasidic—is particularly visible in the realm of education. During the interwar period, a combined influx of pious refugees from the Soviet Union and generous American Jewish philanthropy bolstered traditionalist Jewish elementary schools (hadarim) and yeshivot. At the same time, traditionalists reformed those hitherto sacrosanct institutions in hopes of competing with emergent secularist Jewish movements while preserving an ostensibly authentic cultural core. Polish Jewish traditionalism was subtly transformed in the process, presenting a striking contrast with its more rigid “ultra-Orthodox” counterpart in neighboring Hungary and offering a viable alternative to secularist Jewish subcultures within Poland. This article highlights the surprising durability and flexibility of Poland’s traditionalist Jewish communities during a period usually conceived as one of secularist Jewish growth and traditionalist decline.

中文翻译：

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补充“犹太教之泉”：两次世界大战期间波兰的传统犹太教育

波兰犹太传统主义——哈西德派和非哈西德派——的意外复兴在教育领域尤为明显。在两次世界大战期间，来自苏联的虔诚难民和慷慨的美国犹太慈善事业的涌入共同推动了传统主义犹太小学（hadarim）和犹太学校的发展。与此同时，传统主义者改革了那些迄今为止神圣不可侵犯的机构，希望与新兴的世俗主义犹太运动竞争，同时保留表面上真实的文化核心。波兰犹太传统主义在这个过程中发生了微妙的转变，与邻国匈牙利更为严格的“超正统”对应物形成了鲜明的对比，并为波兰境内的世俗犹太亚文化提供了一种可行的替代方案。