The European Union competences on health and safety of workplace constituted the legal basis for the 93/104 Directive to be adopted (and for the consolidated text of 2003/88 Directive). The Court of Justice has firmly maintained this approach refusing to take into account the history of international regulation on working time, which links together work and salary in perspective to give the workers the right to fair and equal treatment as regards their working conditions (as has been recently proclaimed also by the European Pillar of Social Rights). Building on these general premises, this article analyses the more recent European pieces of legislation and cases related to on-call time and proposes a new model for the definition of working time in the light of CJEU case law.

中文翻译：

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健康与工资之间：欧洲法律对工作时间的不完全规定

欧洲联盟在工作场所健康和安全方面的能力构成了将要通过的93/104指令（以及2003/88指令的合并文本）的法律基础。法院坚决维持这种做法，拒绝考虑国际上有关工作时间的规定的历史，该规定将工作和薪金结合在一起，赋予工人就其工作条件享有公平和平等待遇的权利（最近也被《欧洲社会权利支柱》宣布。本文在这些一般前提的基础上，分析了欧洲最近的与上班时间相关的立法和案件，并根据欧洲法院的判例法提出了一种定义工作时间的新模型。