Between 1200 and 1350, the meaning attributed to the terms ‘emperor’ and ‘empire’ evolved in France to reflect the growth in power of the Capetian-Valois kings and a concomitant decline in the authority exercised by contemporary Romano-German rulers. Both terms were ubiquitous in France in this period. The fact that neither was adopted to describe the expansion of royal power was because, as this article will demonstrate, its growth was considered a consolidation of existing rights and was limited by deep-seated concerns for legitimacy, neither of which fostered imperial comparisons. At the same time, a multi-layered understanding of imperial terminology developed in France. On one level, ‘empire’ and ‘emperor’ became interchangeable with ‘kingdom’ and ‘king’. Yet imperial vocabulary remained highly malleable. Philip IV’s conflict with the papacy led to the development of specific arguments intended to undermine any subordination of French royal authority to external parties. However, far from becoming irrelevant, the terminology of empire became integral to contemporary French political discourse. It offered solutions to otherwise insoluble problems. The article establishes the way in which the office of emperor came to be understood as, simultaneously, a limited form of temporal kingship but one that encompassed a universal role disassociated from government. Imperial terms were transmuted in French thought from an association with the exercise of universal temporal authority to signify a specialised function. This function was usually, but not exclusively, understood as leadership of the crusade.

中文翻译：

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未定义的术语

在 1200 年至 1350 年间，“皇帝”和“帝国”这两个术语的含义在法国演变，以反映卡佩-瓦卢瓦国王权力的增长以及同时代罗马-德国统治者行使的权力的下降。这两个术语在这一时期在法国无处不在。两者都没有被用来描述王权的扩张，这是因为，正如本文将表明的，它的增长被认为是对现有权利的巩固，并且受到对合法性的根深蒂固的担忧的限制，这两者都没有促进帝国比较。与此同时，在法国发展了对帝国术语的多层次理解。一方面，“帝国”和“皇帝”可以与“王国”和“国王”互换。然而，帝国词汇仍然具有高度的可塑性。菲利普四世与教皇的冲突导致了旨在破坏法国王室对外部政党的任何从属地位的具体论点的发展。然而，帝国术语远非无关紧要，而是成为当代法国政治话语不可或缺的一部分。它为其他无法解决的问题提供了解决方案。这篇文章确立了这样一种方式，即皇帝的职位同时被理解为一种有限的世俗王权形式，但包含与政府无关的普遍角色。帝国术语在法国思想中从与行使普遍时间权威的联系转变为表示专门的功能。这一职能通常但不完全被理解为十字军东征的领导。