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The Moneychangers (Şarrāfs) in Mughal India
Studies in People's History Pub Date : 2019-11-29 , DOI: 10.1177/2348448919872286
Najaf Haider

The Mughal exchange economy can be visualised as comprising twin circles of cash and credit. In the first, transactions were conducted in currency money (metallic and non-metallic) consisting of fresh imports and pre-existing stocks. In the second, payments were deferred to pre-fixed dates using credit instruments. The circles of cash and credit grew in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, possibly more in the latter. This paper is about a unique professional group, the ṣarrāfs, whose members engaged themselves in both these circles. They were essentially assayers and moneychangers who operated in the market or worked for a client (state, village community, members of the ruling class, merchants), or carried out both functions at the same time. The possession and handling of cash enabled them to diversify their operations, the most important being banking. As bankers, the ṣarrāfs accepted deposits on interest, gave commercial and consumption loans, and transferred money from one place or person to another through bills of exchange (hundī) and book entries (giro). The ṣarrāfs facilitated the movement of money and merchandise also by covering risks on payment of premium (inland, marine and credit insurance).

中文翻译:

印度莫卧儿的货币兑换商(Şarrāfs)

莫卧儿的交换经济可以形象地看作是现金和信贷的双重循环。首先,交易是以货币货币(金属和非金属)进行的,这些货币包括新进口商品和现有存货。在第二种情况下,使用信贷工具将付款推迟到预定的日期。现金和信贷圈子在16世纪和17世纪有所增加,在后者可能还会增加。本文是关于一个独特的专业团体ṣarrāfs,其成员参与了这两个圈子。他们本质上是分析员和货币兑换商,他们在市场上经营或为客户服务(州,乡村社区,统治阶级的成员,商人),或同时履行两项职能。现金的拥有和处理使他们能够多元化经营,最重要的是银行业务。bankarrāfs作为银行家接受利息存款,提供商业和消费贷款,并通过汇票(hundī)和账簿(giro)将钱从一个地方或一个人转移到另一个地方。rarfāfs还通过支付保险费的风险(内陆,海上和信用保险)促进了货币和商品的流动。
更新日期:2019-11-29
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