Background. Simulation-based learning environments are used extensively to support learning in complex business systems. Nevertheless, studies have identified problems and limitations due to cognitive processing difficulties. In particular, previous research has addressed some aspects of model transparency and instructional strategy and produced inconclusive results. Aim. This study investigates the learning effects of using transparent simulations (that is, showing users the internal structure of models) and exploratory guidance (that is, guiding learners so they are able to explore the simulation by themselves, supported by specific cognitive aids) from a mental models perspective. Method. A test based on a simulation experiment with a system dynamics model, representing a supply chain system, was performed. Participants are required to use the simulator to investigate some issues related to the bullwhip effect and other supply chain coordination concepts. Results. Participants provided with the more transparent strategy and offered the more exploratory guidance demonstrated better understanding of the structure and behaviour of the underlying model. However, our results suggest that while exploratory guidance is a beneficial method for understanding both model structure and behaviour, making only the model transparent is more limited in its effect.

中文翻译：

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通过结构透明和探索性指导优化模拟的学习潜力

背景。基于模拟的学习环境被广泛用于支持复杂业务系统中的学习。然而，研究已经确定了由于认知处理困难而导致的问题和局限性。特别是，先前的研究已经解决了模型透明度和教学策略的某些方面，并产生了不确定的结果。目标。本研究调查了使用透明模拟（即向用户展示模型的内部结构）和探索性指导（即引导学习者以便他们能够在特定认知辅助工具的支持下自行探索模拟）的学习效果。心智模型观点。方法。进行了基于模拟实验的测试，系统动力学模型代表供应链系统。参与者需要使用模拟器来调查与牛鞭效应和其他供应链协调概念相关的一些问题。结果。参与者提供了更透明的策略并提供了更具探索性的指导，这表明他们对基础模型的结构和行为有更好的理解。然而，我们的结果表明，虽然探索性指导是理解模型结构和行为的有益方法，但仅使模型透明的效果更有限。参与者提供了更透明的策略并提供了更具探索性的指导，这表明他们对基础模型的结构和行为有更好的理解。然而，我们的结果表明，虽然探索性指导是理解模型结构和行为的有益方法，但仅使模型透明的效果更有限。参与者提供了更透明的策略并提供了更具探索性的指导，这表明他们对基础模型的结构和行为有更好的理解。然而，我们的结果表明，虽然探索性指导是理解模型结构和行为的有益方法，但仅使模型透明的效果更有限。