This article examines the role of household poverty in shaping rural female labour supply using the unique panel dataset of India Human Development Survey. The results using Vella and Verbeek’s two-step panel estimation reveal the presence of a backward-sloping labour supply curve for rural women from below poverty line households, and an upward-sloping labour supply for rural women from above poverty line (APL) households. This implies the existence of ‘forced’ or ‘need-based’ participation among poor women and justifies why they work long hours in poorly paid hazardous jobs. The article also finds horizontal labour supply among agriculture wage workers and for Adivasi and Dalit rural women to some extent, reflecting limited job options, and surplus unskilled labour who are unable to demand higher wages for their labour supply. On the other hand, when categorised by occupation type, the downward-sloping labour supply for rural women from APL households indicates the dominance of the income effect over the substitution effect, and the socio-cultural factors that gain strength as income levels increase. JEL Classification: J220, R21, J16, R230, I32

中文翻译：

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印度农村妇女劳动力供给的（再）调查：家庭贫困状况的影响-面板数据分析

本文使用“印度人类发展调查”的独特面板数据，考察了家庭贫困在塑造农村女性劳动力供应中的作用。使用Vella和Verbeek的两步面板估计的结果显示，贫困线以下家庭的农村妇女存在向后倾斜的劳动力供给曲线，而贫困线以上家庭的农村妇女则存在向上倾斜的劳动力供给。这意味着贫困妇女中存在“强迫”或“基于需求”的参与，并说明了为什么她们长时间从事低薪危险工作。该文章还发现，在一定程度上，农业工资工人以及阿迪帕西和达利特农村妇女的水平劳动力供应反映了有限的工作选择以及无法要求更高工资的剩余非熟练劳动力。另一方面，按职业类型分类时，来自APL家庭的农村妇女的劳动力供给向下倾斜，这表明收入效应高于替代效应，而社会文化因素则随着收入水平的提高而增强。JEL分类：J220，R21，J16，R230，I32