Interest in applying sociological tools to analysing the social nature, antecedents and consequences of artificial intelligence (AI) has been rekindled in recent years. However, for researchers new to this field of enquiry, navigating the expansive literature can be challenging. This paper presents a practical way to help these researchers to think about, search and read the literature more effectively. It divides the literature into three categories. Research in each category is informed by one analytic perspective and analyses one “type” of AI. Research informed by the “scientific AI” perspective analyses “AI” as a science or scientific research field. Research underlain by the “technical AI” perspective studies “AI” as a meta‐technology and analyses its various applications and subtechnologies. Research informed by the “cultural AI” perspective views AI development as a social phenomenon and examines its interactions with the wider social, cultural, economic and political conditions in which it develops and by which it is shaped. These analytic perspectives reflect the evolution of “AI” from chiefly a scientific research subject during the twentieth century to a widely commercialised innovation in recent decades and increasingly to a distinctive socio‐cultural phenomenon today.

中文翻译：

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人工智能的社会学观点：类型学读物

近年来，人们重新燃起了使用社会学工具来分析人工智能（AI）的社会性质，前提和后果的兴趣。但是，对于刚进入此研究领域的研究人员来说，浏览广泛的文献可能具有挑战性。本文提供了一种实用的方法来帮助这些研究人员更有效地思考，搜索和阅读文献。它将文献分为三类。每个类别的研究都以一种分析视角为基础，并分析了一种“类型”的AI。以“科学AI”观点为基础的研究将“ AI”分析为一个科学研究领域。以“技术AI”为基础的研究将“ AI”作为一种元技术进行研究，并分析其各种应用和子技术。以“文化人工智能”的观点为基础的研究将人工智能的发展视为一种社会现象，并考察了它与发展，形成的更广泛的社会，文化，经济和政治条件之间的相互作用。这些分析观点反映了“人工智能”从二十世纪主要是科学研究的主题到近几十年来广泛商业化的创新以及如今日益发展为独特的社会文化现象的演变。