ABSTRACT

Introduction: With a sharp increase in NSAIDs and opioid use for chronic pain conditions associated with traumatic injuries and diseases, there has been an escalated risk of life-threatening side effects (cardiac and respiratory malfunction), inadvertent overdose, and even death. Their short duration of action and toxicity induces the need to develop extended-release analgesic drug formulations based on safe drugs like ketamine.

Areas covered: This review presents progressive breakthroughs in pain control strategies for augmenting patient’s comfort and minimizing unnecessary adverse effects associated with NSAIDs and opioids. Advantages of using ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic and potent analgesic over opioids have been elaborated here for the development of advanced sustained-release analgesic drug formulations based on ketamine and polymers (hydrogels, microparticles, and nanoparticles) as mainstream systems. These systems can be very promising in the resource-constrained healthcare set-up where frequent drug dosing at short time intervals is extremely challenging. PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar electronic databases, and clinical websites were used for conducting extensive research.

Expert opinion: Controlled drug release analgesic systems can significantly reduce the burden of repeated drug dosing and opioid drug dependency, maximizing the function of analgesic drugs for clinical translation, and improving the quality of life of those living with pain.

摘要

简介：随着非甾体抗炎药和阿片类药物在与创伤性损伤和疾病相关的慢性疼痛状况中的使用急剧增加，危及生命的副作用（心脏和呼吸系统功能障碍）、无意过量甚至死亡的风险不断增加。它们的作用时间和毒性持续时间短，因此需要开发基于安全药物（如氯胺酮）的缓释镇痛药物制剂。

涵盖的领域：本综述介绍了疼痛控制策略的渐进性突破，以增加患者的舒适度并最大限度地减少与非甾体抗炎药和阿片类药物相关的不必要的副作用。本文详细阐述了使用氯胺酮（一种解离性麻醉剂和强效镇痛剂）优于阿片类药物的优势，用于开发基于氯胺酮和聚合物（水凝胶、微粒和纳米颗粒）作为主流系统的高级缓释镇痛药物制剂。这些系统在资源受限的医疗机构中非常有前途，在这些机构中，在短时间内频繁给药是极具挑战性的。PubMed、Embase、Google Scholar 电子数据库和临床网站被用于进行广泛的研究。

专家意见：控释镇痛系统可以显着减轻重复给药和阿片类药物依赖的负担，最大限度地发挥镇痛药物临床转化的功能，提高疼痛患者的生活质量。