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Non-consumptive effects of predators on oysters differ based on predator identity and duration (but not frequency) of exposure
Marine Ecology Progress Series ( IF 2.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-18 , DOI: 10.3354/meps13605
JS Gosnell 1, 2 , EA Levine 3 , EM Goetz 4
Affiliation  

ABSTRACT: Prey commonly encounter multiple predator species in interactions that vary in duration and frequency, yet these factors are rarely simultaneously considered in studies of non-consumptive effects. To consider these effects, we placed eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica in close proximity to crown conchs Melongena corona, blue crabs Callinectes sapidus, or both predators simultaneously in a field experiment for 0, 1, 3 consecutive, 3 isolated, or 6 consecutive days wk-1. Predator effects after 20 d were negligible. After 91 d, exposure to conchs led to significant decreases in oyster linear shell growth and mass and increases in shell thickness. The magnitude of these effects generally increased with the duration of exposure. Simultaneous exposure to both predators amplified these effects despite the fact that exposure to crabs alone did not significantly impact measured oyster traits. We also observed no difference in responses if oysters were exposed to predators 3 consecutive or 3 isolated days wk-1. Our results suggest that the non-consumptive effects of predators on oysters increase with exposure duration but that these effects may attenuate quickly after predators leave an area. Our findings also highlight the need to consider how predator community composition may impact non-consumptive effects. Prey may be more likely to respond to the presence of some predators when they are encountered simultaneously with other predators or in the presence of other stressors.

中文翻译:

捕食者对牡蛎的非消费性影响因捕食者的身份和暴露持续时间(而非频率)而异

摘要:猎物通常会在互动中遇到多种捕食物种,这种互动的持续时间和频率各不相同,但在非消耗性影响研究中很少同时考虑这些因素。考虑到这些影响,我们把东部牡蛎牡蛎弗吉尼亚接近冠海螺茄子电晕,蓝蟹蓝蟹,或者两者同时天敌的田间试验为0,1,连续3次,3孤立的,或连续6天WK - 1个。20天后的捕食者影响可忽略不计。91 d后,暴露于海螺导致牡蛎线性壳的生长和质量显着下降,壳厚度增加。这些影响的程度通常随着暴露时间的延长而增加。尽管只接触螃蟹并没有显着影响所测牡蛎的性状,但同时暴露于两种捕食者也放大了这些影响。我们还观察到,如果牡蛎暴露于捕食者的反应没有差别连续3次或3天的隔离WK -1。我们的研究结果表明,捕食者对牡蛎的非消耗性影响随着暴露时间的延长而增加,但是这些影响在捕食者离开某个区域后可能会迅速减弱。我们的发现还凸显了需要考虑捕食者群落构成如何影响非消费影响的必要性。当某些捕食者与其他捕食者同时遇到或在其他应激源的存在下,它们更可能会对某些捕食者的存在做出反应。
更新日期:2021-02-18
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