The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tolfenamic acid were determined in geese (Anser cygnoides) following intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), and oral administrations at 2 mg/kg dose. In this study, eight healthy geese (3.5 ± 0.5 kg) were used. The study was performed in four periods according to a crossover design with a 15-day washout period between two administrations. The plasma concentrations of tolfenamic acid were analyzed using HPLC-UV, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental analysis. The elimination half-life was 1.73, 2.51, 2.34, and 2.31 hr for IV, IM, SC, and oral routes, respectively. The volume of distribution at steady state and total clearance after IV administration were 0.25 L/kg and 0.16 L hr⁻¹ kg⁻¹, respectively. The peak plasma concentrations of tolfenamic acid after IM, SC, and oral administrations were 4.89, 2.94, and 2.92 μg/ml at 0.25, 0.75, and 1 hr, respectively. The bioavailability was 87.91, 77.87, and 76.03% for the IM, SC, and oral routes, respectively. Tolfenamic acid, which exhibits the good bioavailability and plasma concentration following IM, SC, and oral administrations at 2 mg/kg dose, may be useful in the treatment of inflammatory disease conditions in geese.

中文翻译：

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不同给药途径后托芬那酸在鹅体内的药代动力学（Anser cygnoides）

在以 2 mg/kg 剂量静脉内 (IV)、肌肉内 (IM)、皮下 (SC) 和口服给药后，在鹅 ( Anser cygnoides )中测定了托芬那酸的药代动力学和生物利用度。在这项研究中，使用了八只健康的鹅（3.5 ± 0.5 kg）。该研究根据交叉设计分四个阶段进行，两次给药之间有 15 天的清除期。使用 HPLC-UV 分析托芬那酸的血浆浓度，并通过非房室分析计算药代动力学参数。IV、IM、SC 和口服途径的消除半衰期分别为 1.73、2.51、2.34 和 2.31 小时。IV给药后稳态分布容积和总清除率为0.25 L/kg和0.16 L hr ^-1  kg^-1，分别。在 0.25、0.75 和 1 小时，肌肉、皮下和口服给药后托芬那酸的血浆峰浓度分别为 4.89、2.94 和 2.92 μg/ml。IM、SC 和口服途径的生物利用度分别为 87.91、77.87 和 76.03%。托芬那酸在肌肉、皮下和口服 2 mg/kg 剂量后表现出良好的生物利用度和血浆浓度，可用于治疗鹅的炎症性疾病。