Genetically modified fish is a general term used for whole fish whose DNA has been artificially altered by directly integrating (or deleting) single or multiple genes to introduce or modify a targeted character. Different techniques have been performed to produce genetically modified fish. Importantly, the introduction of various types of fluorescent proteins has dramatically expanded the range of applications of genetically modified fish. Currently, genetically modified fish have been widely employed as experimental models for medical science, pharmacology and environmental toxicology. The commercial application of genetically modified fish in aquaculture is still up for debate, although the first commercialization of genetically modified fish, GloFish, was in 2003, and further, the United States and Canada approved the commercial production and sale of the AquAdvantage Salmon. In this review, we discuss the principles and developmental history of fish transgenesis via gene transfer and gene-editing techniques, and their applications in diverse fields. Further, challenges and prospects associated with the genetically modified fish are discussed.

中文翻译：

---

转基因鱼的综合综述：关键技术、应用和未来前景

转基因鱼是指通过直接整合（或删除）单个或多个基因来引入或修改目标特征而对 DNA 进行人工改变的整条鱼的总称。已经使用不同的技术来生产转基因鱼。重要的是，各种类型荧光蛋白的引入极大地扩大了转基因鱼的应用范围。目前，转基因鱼已被广泛用作医学、药理学和环境毒理学的实验模型。转基因鱼在水产养殖中的商业应用仍有争议，尽管转基因鱼 GloFish 的首次商业化是在 2003 年，而且，美国和加拿大批准了 AquaAdvantage Salmon 的商业生产和销售。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了通过基因转移和基因编辑技术进行鱼类转基因的原理和发展历史，以及它们在不同领域的应用。此外，还讨论了与转基因鱼相关的挑战和前景。