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Changes in chemical cues of Melissococcus plutonius infected honey bee larvae
Chemoecology ( IF 1.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-18 , DOI: 10.1007/s00049-021-00339-3
Elisa Kathe , Karsten Seidelmann , Oleg Lewkowski , Yves Le Conte , Silvio Erler

European foulbrood (EFB), caused by Melissococcus plutonius, is a globally distributed bacterial brood disease affecting Apis mellifera larvae. There is some evidence, even if under debate, that spreading of the disease within the colony is prevented by worker bees performing hygienic behaviour, including detection and removal of infected larvae. Olfactory cues (brood pheromones, signature mixtures, diagnostic substances) emitted by infected individuals may play a central role for hygienic bees to initiate the disease-specific behaviour. However, the mechanisms of cue detection and brood removal, causing hygienic behaviour in EFB affected colonies, are poorly understood. Here, coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to detect disease-specific substances, changes in cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles, and brood ester pheromones (BEPs) of honey bee larvae artificially infected with M. plutonius. Although no diagnostic substances were found in significant quantities, discriminant analysis revealed specific differences in CHC and BEP profiles of infected and healthy larvae. β-Ocimene, a volatile brood pheromone related to starvation and hygienic behaviour, was present in all larvae with highest quantities in healthy young larvae; whereas oleic acid, a non-volatile necromone, was present only in old infected larvae. Furthermore, γ-octalactone (newly discovered in A. mellifera in this study) was detectable in trace amounts only in infected larvae. We propose that the deviation from the olfactory profile of healthy brood is supposed to trigger hygienic behaviour in worker bees. To confirm the relevance of change in the chemical bouquet (CHCs, BEPs, γ-octalactone, etc.), a field colony bioassay is needed, using healthy brood and hygienic bees to determine if bouquet changes elicit hygienic behaviour.



中文翻译:

感染美乐丝球菌的蜜蜂幼虫化学线索的变化

青霉(Mississococcus plutonius)引起的欧洲臭蝇(EFB)是一种全球分布的细菌病,会影响蜜蜂蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)幼虫。即使在辩论中,也有一些证据表明,通过进行卫生行为,包括检测和清除受感染的幼虫,工蜂可以防止该疾病在菌落内传播。感染者散发出的嗅觉提示(育卵信息素,特征性混合物,诊断性物质)可能对卫生蜜蜂引发特定疾病行为起着重要作用。然而,对线索检测和去除母体的机制(在EFB感染菌落中引起卫生行为)知之甚少。在这里,耦合气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)用于检测疾病特异性物质,人工感染了M. plutonius的蜜蜂幼虫的表皮碳氢化合物(CHC)谱变化和亲脂信息素(BEP)。尽管未发现大量诊断物质,但判别分析显示感染和健康幼虫的CHC和BEP谱存在特定差异。在所有幼虫中都存在β-Ocimene,它是一种与饥饿和卫生行为有关的挥发性育苗信息素,在健康幼虫中含量最高。而油酸(一种非挥发性坏死激素)仅存在于受感染的老幼虫中。此外,γ-八内酯(在A. mellifera中新发现在这项研究中)仅在受感染的幼虫中可以检测到痕量。我们认为偏离健康母鸡的嗅觉特征应该触发工蜂的卫生行为。为了确认化学花束(CHCs,BEPs,γ-八内酯等)变化的相关性,需要进行野外菌落生物测定,方法是使用健康的雏鸡和卫生蜂来确定花束的变化是否引起卫生行为。

更新日期:2021-02-18
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