Studies in Western cultures have shown that perfectionism is conceptualized by two-factor higher-order model including perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. However, little is known about the construct of perfectionism in Eastern societies. Thus, we examined the two-factor higher-order model of perfectionism in Iranian general and clinical samples. We recruited a general population sample (n = 384) and patients with major depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, and eating disorders (n = 152) from Tehran, Iran from September 2016 to December 2017. They completed the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire, Perfectionism Inventory, and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21. The two-factor higher-order model of perfectionism showed adequate fit with data for females from the general population and clinical sample. Data for males were only available from the general population, and the model showed adequate fit with the data first after removing the Rumination scale of the perfectionistic concerns. The perfectionistic strivings dimension showed no or negative association with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, but perfectionistic concerns dimension showed positive correlation with these indices in all samples for both males and females. The results support the two-factor higher-order model of perfectionism in samples of Iranian females from the general population and clinical sample. However, the results were different for males from the general population. In other words, the modified two-factor higher-order model showed acceptable fit with the data for males from the general population only after removing the Rumination scale from perfectionistic concerns. These differences among males and females were discussed.

中文翻译：

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伊朗普通样本和临床样本中完美主义的两因素高阶模型

西方文化的研究表明，完美主义是由两要素的高阶模型概念化的，包括完美主义的努力和完美主义的关注。但是，关于东方社会的完美主义建构知之甚少。因此，我们在伊朗的普通样本和临床样本中研究了完美主义的两因素高阶模型。我们从2016年9月至2017年12月在伊朗德黑兰招募了一般人群样本（n = 384）和重度抑郁症，强迫症，社交焦虑症和进食障碍（n = 152）患者。他们完成了临床完美主义问卷，完美主义量表和抑郁，焦虑，压力量表21。完美主义的两要素高阶模型显示出与来自一般人群和临床样本的女性数据充分吻合。男性数据仅可从一般人群中获得，并且该模型在去除完美主义关注的反义量表之后，首先显示出与数据的充分拟合。完美主义努力维度显示与抑郁，焦虑和压力症状无相关性或负相关性，而完美主义关注维度在所有样本中均与男性和女性的这些指数呈正相关。结果支持了从总体人群和临床样本中抽取的伊朗女性样本中完美主义的两因素高阶模型。但是，男性与普通人群的结果不同。换一种说法，修改后的两因素高阶模型仅在消除了完美主义考量后才显示出与一般人群中男性数据的吻合度。讨论了男性和女性之间的这些差异。