Mountains are facing growing environmental, social, and economic challenges. Accordingly, effective policies and management approaches are needed to safeguard their inhabitants, their ecosystems, their biodiversity, and the livelihoods they support. The formulation and implementation of such policies and approaches requires a thorough understanding of, and extensive knowledge about, the interactions between nature and people particular to mountain social–ecological systems. Here, we applied the conceptual framework of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services to assess and compare the contents of 631 abstracts on the interactions among biodiversity, ecosystem services, human wellbeing, and drivers of change, and formulate a set of research recommendations. Our comparative assessment of literature pertained to the Andes, the East African mountains, the European Alps, and the Hindu Kush Himalaya. It revealed interesting differences between mountain systems, in particular in the relative importance given in the literature to individual drivers of change and to the ecosystem services delivered along elevational gradients. Based on our analysis and with reference to alternative conceptual frameworks of mountain social–ecological systems, we propose future research directions and options. In particular, we recommend improving biodiversity information, generating spatially explicit knowledge on ecosystem services, integrating knowledge and action along elevational gradients, generating knowledge on interacting effects of global change drivers, delivering knowledge that is relevant for transformative action toward sustainable mountain development, and using comprehensive concepts and codesigned approaches to effectively address knowledge gaps.

中文翻译：

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安第斯山脉，东非山脉，欧洲阿尔卑斯山和兴都库什喜马拉雅山的自然与人：当前的研究和未来的方向

山区正面临日益严峻的环境，社会和经济挑战。因此，需要有效的政策和管理方法来保护其居民，生态系统，生物多样性及其所支持的生计。此类政策和方法的制定和实施需要透彻理解并广泛了解自然与人之间的相互作用，尤其是山区社会生态系统。在这里，我们应用了政府间生物多样性和生态系统服务政策政策平台的概念框架，以评估和比较有关生物多样性，生态系统服务，人类福祉和变化驱动因素之间相互作用的631个摘要的内容，并制定了一套研究建议。我们对文学的比较评估涉及安第斯山脉，东非山脉，欧洲阿尔卑斯山和兴都库什喜马拉雅山。它揭示了山地系统之间有趣的差异，特别是在文献中对变化的个体驱动因素和沿海拔梯度传递的生态系统服务的相对重要性。根据我们的分析并参考山区社会生态系统的其他概念框架，我们提出了未来的研究方向和选择。特别是，我们建议改善生物多样性信息，生成有关生态系统服务的空间明确知识，沿海拔高度整合知识和行动，生成有关全球变化驱动因素相互作用的知识，