Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining increasing importance in many medical specialties, yet data on patients’ opinions on the use of AI in medicine are scarce. Objective: This study aimed to investigate patients’ opinions on the use of AI in different aspects of the medical workflow and the level of control and supervision under which they would deem the application of AI in medicine acceptable. Methods: Patients scheduled for computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging voluntarily participated in an anonymized questionnaire between February 10, 2020, and May 24, 2020. Patient information, confidence in physicians vs AI in different clinical tasks, opinions on the control of AI, preference in cases of disagreement between AI and physicians, and acceptance of the use of AI for diagnosing and treating diseases of different severity were recorded. Results: In total, 229 patients participated. Patients favored physicians over AI for all clinical tasks except for treatment planning based on current scientific evidence. In case of disagreement between physicians and AI regarding diagnosis and treatment planning, most patients preferred the physician’s opinion to AI (96.2% [153/159] vs 3.8% [6/159] and 94.8% [146/154] vs 5.2% [8/154], respectively; P=.001). AI supervised by a physician was considered more acceptable than AI without physician supervision at diagnosis (confidence rating 3.90 [SD 1.20] vs 1.64 [SD 1.03], respectively; P=.001) and therapy (3.77 [SD 1.18] vs 1.57 [SD 0.96], respectively; P=.001). Conclusions: Patients favored physicians over AI in most clinical tasks and strongly preferred an application of AI with physician supervision. However, patients acknowledged that AI could help physicians integrate the most recent scientific evidence into medical care. Application of AI in medicine should be disclosed and controlled to protect patient interests and meet ethical standards.

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中文翻译：

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整个医疗流程中患者在人工智能中的使用和控制：患者观点的单中心问卷调查

背景：人工智能（AI）在许多医学专业中正变得越来越重要，但是缺乏有关患者在医学上使用AI的意见的数据。目的：本研究旨在调查患者对于在医疗工作流程的不同方面使用AI的意见，以及他们认为AI在医学中可接受的控制水平和监督水平。方法：计划在2020年2月10日至2020年5月24日之间自愿进行计算机断层扫描或磁共振成像的患者参加匿名调查表。患者信息，对医生与AI在不同临床任务中的信心，对AI控制的看法，偏好如果AI与医师之间存在分歧，并记录了使用AI诊断和治疗不同严重程度疾病的接受程度。结果：总共有229名患者参加。除了基于当前科学证据进行的治疗计划外，在所有临床任务中，患者都偏爱于医师而不是AI。如果医生与AI在诊断和治疗计划上存在分歧，大多数患者会首选医生的意见而不是AI（96.2％[153/159]相对于3.8％[6/159]，94.8％[146/154]对5.2％[ 8/154]； P = .001）。在诊断（分别为置信度3.90 [SD 1.20]对1.64 [SD 1.03]； P = .001）和治疗（3.77 [SD 1.18]对1.57 [SD]）下，由医生监督的AI被认为比没有医生监督的AI更可接受。 0.96]； P = .001）。结论：在大多数临床任务中，患者都偏爱医师而不是AI，并且强烈希望在医师监督下应用AI。但是，患者承认AI可以帮助医生将最新的科学证据整合到医疗服务中。应当公开和控制AI在医学中的应用，以保护患者利益并符合道德标准。

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