This study aims to characterize herbicide use and identify the factors responsible for herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor Retz. in wheat in Haryana, India. The pre-tested questionnaire-based survey was conducted involving 300 farmers during Rabi (winter) 2017-18 covering five districts (Yamuna Nagar, Kaithal, Karnal, Fatehabad, and Rohtak) of Haryana. Binary logistic regression analysis established that besides consistent use of herbicides primarily with a similar mode of action; cultural variables are significantly determining the probability of facing herbicide resistance viz. crop rotation, field capacity on time (<14 days), time of first irrigation (<24 days), and zero-till sowing contributed negatively to the herbicide resistance. In contrast, intensive rice-wheat cropping system (>30-years of practice) and rotavator use for wheat sowing contributed positively. The study revealed that farmers at some locations applied 3–4 times the recommended dose (X) of herbicides and ended up with unsatisfactory control (~70%). Clodinafop, though it did not provide satisfactory results, contributed to about 50% of herbicide use in wheat in Haryana while; sulfosulfuron and pinoxaden share 20% each and mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (ready-mix) shares <5%. Recently, farmers have started using pendimethalin (750–1000 g a.i. ha-1) as pre-emergence and metribuzin (50–140 g a.i. ha-1) as post-emergence tank-mix with already recommended herbicides to get desirable control. More than 90% of farmers used 225–300 L water ha⁻¹ (standard 500 L ha⁻¹) and used flood jet or hollow cone nozzles (recommended flat-fan) and, most farmers (75%) adopted delayed application (standard 30–35 days), resulted in reduced herbicide efficacy. Farmers' perception analysis indicates that half of the farmers felt poor quality herbicides as the prime reason for ineffectiveness. Simultaneously, the rest believed that mono-cropping, higher use of nitrogenous fertilizer, and under/over-dose of herbicides contributed to the evolution of resistance. The study revealed an increase in the cost of cultivation by 6.6% to manage P. minor in wheat, and an extra amount of around US$ 38 million was spent annually by farmers in the rice-wheat cropping system of Haryana.

这项研究旨在表征除草剂的使用，并确定导致小ala草对除草剂产生抗性的因素。在印度哈里亚纳邦的小麦中。在拉比期间，对300位农民进行了预先测试的问卷调查（冬季）2017-18年，涵盖哈里亚纳邦的五个区（Yamuna Nagar，Kaithal，Karnal，Fatehabad和Rohtak）。二元逻辑回归分析表明，除主要使用具有相似作用方式的除草剂外，其他人均应持续使用除草剂。文化变量显着决定了面对除草剂耐药性的可能性。轮作，田间持水量（<14天），第一次灌溉时间（<24天）和零耕播种均对除草剂抗性产生负面影响。相比之下，集约化的稻麦种植系统（> 30年的实践）和轮耕机用于小麦播种起到了积极作用。该研究表明，农民在某些地方使用了建议剂量（X）的3–4倍的除草剂，结果控制不力（〜70％）。Clodinafop，尽管没有提供令人满意的结果，同时，促成了哈里亚纳邦小麦除草剂使用的约50％；磺嘧磺隆和匹诺沙汀各占20％，中磺嘧磺隆+碘磺隆（预混料）所占份额小于5％。最近，农民已经开始使用喷二甲戊灵（750–1000 g ai ha-1）作为出苗前，而甲霜灵（50–140 g ai ha-1）作为出苗后的罐混物与已经推荐的除草剂一起使用，以实现理想的防治效果。超过90％的农民使用了225-300升水^-1（标准500 L ha ^-1）和使用的洪流喷嘴或空心锥形喷嘴（建议使用平扇），大多数农民（75％）采用延迟施用（标准30-35天），导致除草剂功效降低。农民的感知分析表明，一半农民认为除草剂质量低是无效的主要原因。同时，其余的人则认为单作，氮肥的大量使用以及除草剂的过量/过量导致了抗药性的发展。该研究表明，管理小麦的未成年疟原虫的耕作成本增加了6.6％，农民每年在哈里亚纳邦的稻麦种植系统中花费约3,800万美元。