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Pliny's Epistolary Directions
Arethusa Pub Date : 2018-01-01 , DOI: 10.1353/are.2018.0006
Michael Hanaghan

Epistolary authors envision a reader at the very beginning of the act of composition. Epistles are sent to somebody, addressed to an individual or series of individuals that constitute the public addressee (the pubic reader). When epistles are collected, arranged, and circulated, another act of reading is envisaged by the author and thus another reader (the implied reader). As long as the epistolary author exerts control over the act of composition, collection, arrangement, and circulation, then both the public and implied readers are constructed and can be directed by the author to disregard or prioritise information, infer or ignore the letter’s context, and accept the author’s self-fashioning or claims as to why the epistle was written, sent, or arranged for them to read.1 According to Janet Altman (1982.111): “The external reader’s experience is partially governed by the presence of their internal counterpart [the addressee]; we read any given letter from at least three points of view—that of the intended or actual recipient as well as that of the writer and our own.” The implied reader’s (or external reader’s) multiple vantage points, including the assumed perspective of the addressee, renders him or her subject to multiple forms of authorial direction. In addition, the genre’s mimesis of real speech enables a comparison between the dynamics of a conversation and an epistle. Implied readers are akin to bystanders who, as Erving Goffman argues, are placed under pressure to be quiet and not disrupt or eavesdrop on a nearby conversation that does not directly involve

中文翻译:

普林尼的书信方向

书信作者在写作行为的一开始就设想读者。书信寄给某人,写给构成公共收件人(公众读者)的个人或一系列个人。当书信被收集、整理和传播时,作者和另一个读者(隐含的读者)就设想了另一种阅读行为。只要书信作者对写作、收集、编排和流通的行为施加控制,那么公众和隐含的读者都被建构起来,并且可以被作者指示忽视或优先考虑信息,推断或忽略信件的上下文,并接受作者关于为什么写、发送或安排他们阅读这封书信的自我塑造或主张。 1 根据珍妮特·奥特曼 (Janet Altman) (1982.111):“外部读者的体验部分取决于他们内部对应方 [收件人] 的存在;我们至少从三个角度阅读任何给定的信件——预期或实际收件人的观点,以及作者和我们自己的观点。” 隐含的读者(或外部读者)的多个有利位置,包括收件人的假定视角,使他或她受到多种形式的作者指导。此外,该类型对真实演讲的模仿使对话和书信的动态之间能够进行比较。隐含的读者类似于旁观者,正如欧文戈夫曼所说,他们承受着保持安静、不干扰或窃听附近不直接涉及的谈话的压力 我们至少从三个角度阅读任何给定的信件——预期或实际收件人的观点,以及作者和我们自己的观点。” 隐含的读者(或外部读者)的多个有利位置,包括收件人的假定视角,使他或她受到多种形式的作者指导。此外,该类型对真实演讲的模仿使对话和书信的动态之间能够进行比较。隐含的读者类似于旁观者,正如欧文戈夫曼所说,他们承受着保持安静、不干扰或窃听附近不直接涉及的谈话的压力 我们至少从三个角度阅读任何给定的信件——预期或实际收件人的观点,以及作者和我们自己的观点。” 隐含的读者(或外部读者)的多个有利位置,包括收件人的假定视角,使他或她受到多种形式的作者指导。此外,该类型对真实演讲的模仿使对话和书信的动态之间能够进行比较。隐含的读者类似于旁观者,正如欧文戈夫曼所说,他们承受着保持安静、不干扰或窃听附近不直接涉及的谈话的压力 包括收件人的假定观点,使他或她受到多种形式的作者指导。此外,该类型对真实演讲的模仿使对话和书信的动态之间能够进行比较。隐含的读者类似于旁观者,正如欧文戈夫曼所说,他们承受着保持安静、不干扰或窃听附近不直接涉及的谈话的压力 包括收件人的假定观点,使他或她受到多种形式的作者指导。此外,该类型对真实演讲的模仿使对话和书信的动态之间能够进行比较。隐含的读者类似于旁观者,正如欧文戈夫曼所说,他们承受着保持安静、不干扰或窃听附近不直接涉及的谈话的压力
更新日期:2018-01-01
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