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The De-Icing Comparison Experiment (D-ICE): a study of broadband radiometric measurements under icing conditions in the Arctic
Atmospheric Measurement Techniques ( IF 3.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-16 , DOI: 10.5194/amt-14-1205-2021
Christopher J. Cox , Sara M. Morris , Taneil Uttal , Ross Burgener , Emiel Hall , Mark Kutchenreiter , Allison McComiskey , Charles N. Long , Bryan D. Thomas , James Wendell

Surface-based measurements of broadband shortwave (solar) and longwave (infrared) radiative fluxes using thermopile radiometers are made regularly around the globe for scientific and operational environmental monitoring. The occurrence of ice on sensor windows in cold environments – whether snow, rime, or frost – is a common problem that is difficult to prevent as well as difficult to correct in post-processing. The Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) community recognizes radiometer icing as a major outstanding measurement uncertainty. Towards constraining this uncertainty, the De-Icing Comparison Experiment (D-ICE) was carried out at the NOAA Atmospheric Baseline Observatory in Utqiaġvik (formerly Barrow), Alaska, from August 2017 to July 2018. The purpose of D-ICE was to evaluate existing ventilation and heating technologies developed to mitigate radiometer icing. D-ICE consisted of 20 pyranometers and 5 pyrgeometers operating in various ventilator housings alongside operational systems that are part of NOAA's Barrow BSRN station and the US Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program North Slope of Alaska and Oliktok Point observatories. To detect icing, radiometers were monitored continuously using cameras, with a total of more than 1 million images of radiometer domes archived. Ventilator and ventilator–heater performance overall was skillful with the average of the systems mitigating ice formation 77 % (many >90 %) of the time during which icing conditions were present. Ventilators without heating elements were also effective and capable of providing heat through roughly equal contributions of waste energy from the ventilator fan and adiabatic heating downstream of the fan. This provided ∼0.6C of warming, enough to subsaturate the air up to a relative humidity (with respect to ice) of ∼105 %. Because the mitigation technologies performed well, a near complete record of verified ice-free radiometric fluxes was assembled for the duration of the campaign. This well-characterized data set is suitable for model evaluation, in particular for the Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP) first Special Observing Period (SOP1). We used the data set to calculate short- and long-term biases in iced sensors, finding that biases can be up to +60 W m−2 (longwave) and −211 to +188 W m−2 (shortwave). However, because of the frequency of icing, mitigation of ice by ventilators, cloud conditions, and the timing of icing relative to available sunlight, the biases in the monthly means were generally less than the aggregate uncertainty attributed to other conventional sources in both the shortwave and longwave.

中文翻译:

除冰比较实验(D-ICE):在北极结冰条件下进行宽带辐射测量的研究

全球范围内定期使用热电堆辐射计对宽带短波(太阳能)和长波(红外)辐射通量进行基于表面的测量,以进行科学和操作环境监测。在寒冷的环境中,无论是雪,霜还是霜冻,在传感器窗户上都会结冰,这是一个常见的问题,在后处理中既难以预防又难以纠正。基线表面辐射网络(BSRN)社区认识到辐射计结冰是主要的测量不确定性。为了限制这种不确定性,于2017年8月至2018年7月在阿拉斯加乌特卡维克(原巴罗)的NOAA大气基线天文台进行了除冰比较实验(D-ICE)。D-ICE的目的是评估为减轻辐射计结冰而开发的现有通风和供暖技术。D-ICE由20个日射强度计和5个日射强度计组成,它们在不同的通风机壳体中运行,而运行系统则是NOAA的Barrow BSRN站以及美国能源部大气辐射测量(ARM)计划的阿拉斯加北坡和Oliktok Point天文台的一部分。为了检测结冰,使用摄像机连续监控辐射计,总共存档了超过一百万张辐射计球罩图像。总体而言,通风机和通风机-加热器的性能非常熟练,平均系统可减少结冰77%(许多 D-ICE由20个日射强度计和5个日射强度计组成,它们在不同的通风机壳体中运行,而运行系统则是NOAA的Barrow BSRN站以及美国能源部大气辐射测量(ARM)计划的阿拉斯加北坡和Oliktok Point天文台的一部分。为了检测结冰,使用摄像机连续监控辐射计,总共存档了超过一百万张辐射计球罩图像。总体而言,通风机和通风机-加热器的性能非常熟练,平均系统可减少结冰77%(许多 D-ICE由20个日射强度计和5个日射强度计组成,它们在不同的通风机壳体中运行,而运行系统则是NOAA的Barrow BSRN站以及美国能源部大气辐射测量(ARM)计划的阿拉斯加北坡和Oliktok Point天文台的一部分。为了检测结冰,使用摄像机连续监控辐射计,总共存档了超过一百万张辐射计球罩图像。总体而言,通风机和通风机-加热器的性能非常熟练,平均系统可减少结冰77%(许多 总共存档了超过一百万张辐射计圆顶图像。总体而言,通风机和通风机-加热器的性能非常熟练,平均系统可减少结冰77%(许多 总共存档了超过一百万张辐射计圆顶图像。总体而言,通风机和通风机-加热器的性能非常熟练,平均系统可减少结冰77%(许多 出现结冰条件的时间> 90%)。不带加热元件的通风机也很有效,并且能够通过通风机风扇产生的废能和风扇下游的绝热热量大致相等地提供热量。这提供了〜0.6 Ç升温,足以subsaturate空气到的相对湿度(相对于冰)的~105 %。由于缓解技术的效果很好,因此在整个战役期间收集了几乎完整的经验证的无冰辐射通量记录。这个功能齐全的数据集适合模型评估,尤其是极地预报年(YOPP)的第一个特殊观测期(SOP1)。我们使用数据集计算了冰传感器中的短期和长期偏差,发现偏差可以高达+60  W m -2(长波)和-211+188  W m -2(短波)。但是,由于结冰的频率,呼吸机对冰的缓解,云的条件以及相对于可用阳光的结冰的时间,因此,月均值的偏差通常都小于短波中归因于其他常规来源的总不确定性和长波。
更新日期:2021-02-16
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