Corridor Ecology. Linking Landscapes for Biodiversity Conservation and Climate Adaptation. 2nd edition. Hilty, J. A., A. T. H. Keeley, W. Z. Lidicker Jr., and A. M. Merenlender. 2019. Island Press, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. xvi + 350 pp. US$42.00 (paperback). ISBN 978‐1‐61091‐951‐3.

Essentials of Landscape Ecology. With, K. A. 2019. Oxford University Press, Oxford, .K. xii + 641 pp. US$65.00 (paperback). ISBN 978‐0‐19‐883839‐5.

Life on Earth has been continuously changing, but in the past centuries, the intensity and rate of these changes have drastically increased, leading to biodiversity declines in practically all ecosystems (Ostberg et al. 2015; Newbold et al. 2019). From all the global threats to biodiversity, land‐use change and climate change are among the most important, and their relevance is likely to increase in the future (Titeux et al. 2016). In this context, organisms need to move, in the short term to disperse and colonize new habitats or forage for resources and in the long term in response to the changing conditions of their original habitats. Two ecological subdisciplines deal closely with these topics: corridor ecology and landscape ecology. Two recent books cover these disciplines with different focuses and levels of detail. Essentials of Landscape Ecology is clearly aimed at ecologists and students of landscape ecology, whereas the authors of Corridor Ecology write for a broader readership, ranging from students and scientists to policy makers and conservationists. Nevertheless, both books lean on classical ecological theory and recent literature to share knowledge.

The second edition of Corridor Ecology, by Hilty et al., comes almost 15 years after the first one and brings more than an update of the relevant literature. The authors have a solid scientific background in corridor and landscape ecology together with ample experience in conservation, which is a valuable combination for the type of message they want to deliver. The structure of the book is slightly different from the first edition, but I am unsure if this is useful. Although the same sections can still be distinguished, some changes in the order of the chapters are not always logical. The first section focuses on the ecological principles, theory, and concepts of the ecology of corridors. It starts with a clear and concise description of habitat loss, fragmentation, and climate change, which leads one to the conclusion that animals and plants need habitat connectivity in order to persist. Then, the authors present ecological theory of populations and communities living in fragmented and isolated habitat mosaics. Mathematical models are used to explain some of these theories in detail, and while this might be hard to follow for some readers, the explanations in the text are simple. After setting the foundation, the next chapters detail how to achieve connectivity through the use of corridors. By showing examples of different corridors, the authors highlight what one needs to consider when planning for a corridor in terms of the expected goals, the focus on different levels of biodiversity, and the potential ways to measure connectivity and efficiency. The examples and concepts are diverse and go from traditional corridors that increase structural connectivity in an attempt to benefit many species to those designed using species‐level information on movement and functional connectivity. Increasing connectivity can also bring unexpected results, and a series of examples provide a warning on how edge effects, invasive species, environmental filtering, and genetic erosion can cause negative consequences.

Only two parts near the end of the book are entirely new additions. One is about how species deal with climate change and how conservation strategies might help them. Whether by maintaining well‐connected climate analogs or guaranteeing the conservation of climate refugia (locations that better buffer climate change), climate‐wise connectivity is needed. The second presents an interesting topic that seems to be advancing fast: ecological connectivity in the ocean. As an insect ecologist myself, I never thought about connectivity in this context and how to achieve it. Carr and Hazen, the invited authors of this chapter, provide several examples of how new technologies allowed the understanding of both pelagic and coastal connectivity, point out how marine corridors can have a key role for conservation, and warn about the current threats these ecosystems face. The closing chapter provides an applied perspective on how to implement and conserve corridors, including a review of the motivations and incentives for landowners to preserve their land. These concepts are supported by seven examples of existing corridors from around the world, covering different scales, ecosystems, and management strategies, which, in addition to a research agenda for the future, is a good and optimistic way to end the book.

In Essentials of Landscape Ecology, Kymberly A. With summarizes her extensive experience in researching and teaching landscape ecology, accompanied by great artwork, in a well‐written and clear textbook that will likely make it a frequently consulted source of information for landscape ecology courses. Each chapter starts with a guiding question or statement and closes with future research directions, a list of concise summary points, and a set of discussion questions that can stimulate further reading and thinking. Many examples from several groups of organisms and different geographical regions are provided throughout the text, which helps to elucidate the concepts. A remarkable addition is a quotation in each chapter that highlights its key messages. Some of these are from classical authors and cornerstone studies, but others are from recent works, showing how the discipline is constantly developing.

Scale is a central concept in landscape ecology, so the choice of scaling issues as a starting point is well justified. Along with the implications of temporal and spatial scales, hierarchical systems in biology and landscape ecology are described and set the groundwork for the rest of the book. Landscape heterogeneity and dynamics and their links with disturbances are explored using several case studies to illustrate why heterogeneity has a central role in landscape ecology. The discussion on landscape pattern analysis is much more technical, offering an overview of the methods and available data sources to calculate the widely used metrics of landscape composition and configuration and to perform spatial analyses.

In the chapter “Landscape Connectivity,” the differences between Corridor Ecology and Landscape Ecology become clear: in the latter more emphasis is put on patch‐ and landscape‐scale connectivity measures and the ecological theories behind the assessment of connectivity are discussed in detail. Landscape effects on different ecological levels are described using a combination of theory, classical, and novel methods to assess them and case studies to demonstrate these issues. The presentation of different approaches for modeling movement and population ecology and methods for studying landscape genetics is especially useful. The chapter on population spatial spread includes a subsection on landscape epidemiology, a topic that certainly has become relevant due to the Covid‐19 pandemic. Effects on communities and ecosystems are complex subjects than can be addressed from multiple perspectives. Several of them are clearly explained, although some recent but highly relevant syntheses of the influence of landscape‐driven changes on biodiversity are missing (e.g., Tscharntke et al. 2012). In my opinion, after such an impressive amount of information, a concluding section presenting a broad perspective of the current situation would have been useful. This, however, might be out of the scope and objective of the book.

As to the visual appearance, artwork, and use of images, these two books stand at opposite extremes. Corridor Ecology uses rather simple diagrams and graphics, mainly from previously published articles, and illustrative photos to show examples. While the former generally improve comprehension of particular concepts, the black and white photographs do not make a substantial contribution. In Essentials of Landscape Ecology, the text and figures are tightly connected, making the figures an important part of the book. Furthermore, the colored illustrations are visually attractive and help one understand the described concepts. Considering the size and price of the two books, it does not seem that artwork makes a big price difference. But it does in making the reading experience more stimulating, and I believe that the extra care devoted to these elements in Essentials of Landscape Ecology paid off.

It is beyond doubt that there is an urgent need to increase efforts to conserve biodiversity and the ecosystem services humans obtain from it. Although corridors are useful tools for conservation, some argue that their minimum width should be 2 km (Beier 2019). This is unrealistic in many regions, considering that farmland covers almost 40% of the terrestrial surface of our planet (Foley et al. 2011). That is why I think the future of conservation needs to incorporate recent lessons from landscape ecology, but they should be combined with socioecology and government incentives and regulations. This interdisciplinary approach can ensure the continued existence of heterogeneous landscapes, together with an ecological intensification of agriculture that can help maintain biodiversity at larger scales.

走廊生态。链接景观的生物多样性保护和气候适应。第二版。Hilty，JA，ATH Keeley，WZ Lidicker Jr.和AM Merenlender。2019.Island Press，华盛顿特区，美国xvi + 350 pp.US $ 42.00（平装）。ISBN 978-1-61091-951-3。

景观生态学要点。随，KA2019。牛津大学出版社，牛津，K。ii + 641页，US $ 65.00（简装）。ISBN 978-0-0-19-883839-5。

地球上的生命一直在不断变化，但是在过去的几个世纪中，这些变化的强度和速度急剧增加，导致几乎所有生态系统的生物多样性下降（Ostberg等人2015 ; Newbold等人2019）。在所有对生物多样性的全球威胁中，土地利用变化和气候变化是最重要的，未来它们的相关性可能会增加（Titeux等，2016）。）。在这种情况下，有机体需要在短期内移动以散布和定居新的栖息地或寻找资源，并在长期内响应其原始栖息地条件的变化。两个生态子学科与这些主题密切相关：走廊生态学和景观生态学。最近有两本书以不同的重点和详细程度涵盖了这些学科。景观生态学的基本原理显然是针对生态学家和景观生态学的学生，而走廊生态学的作者则为更广泛的读者群撰写了文章，从学生和科学家到政策制定者和保护主义者。尽管如此，这两本书都依靠古典生态学理论和近代文学来分享知识。

走廊生态学第二版希尔蒂（Hilty）等人撰写的《科学概论》距第一个文献出版已经过去了15年，带来的不仅仅是最新的相关文献资料。作者在走廊和景观生态学方面拥有扎实的科学背景，并在保护方面拥有丰富的经验，这对于他们想要传达的信息类型是一种有价值的组合。本书的结构与第一版略有不同，但是我不确定这是否有用。尽管仍然可以区分相同的部分，但按章顺序进行的某些更改并不总是合乎逻辑的。第一部分着重于走廊生态学的生态原理，理论和概念。它以清晰简明的描述来描述栖息地的丧失，破碎化和气候变化，这得出一个结论，动植物需要保持栖息地的连通性才能持续存在。然后，作者介绍了生活在零散和孤立的栖息地马赛克中的种群和社区的生态理论。数学模型用于详细解释其中一些理论，尽管对于某些读者而言可能难以理解，但本文中的解释很简单。奠定基础之后，下一章将详细介绍如何通过使用走廊来实现连通性。通过展示不同走廊的示例，作者强调了在规划走廊时需要考虑的方面，包括预期目标，对不同生物多样性水平的关注以及衡量连通性和效率的潜在方法。这些示例和概念多种多样，从传统的走廊（这些走廊增加了结构的连通性以使许多物种受益）到那些使用有关运动和功能连通性的物种级别信息进行设计的物种。连接性的提高也会带来意想不到的结果，一系列示例就边缘效应，入侵物种，环境过滤和遗传侵蚀如何引起负面后果提供了警告。

本书结尾处只有两部分是全新的补充。一是关于物种如何应对气候变化以及保护策略如何帮助它们的问题。无论是通过保持良好连接的气候类似物，还是通过保护气候避难所（可以更好地缓冲气候变化的位置），都需要进行气候方面的连接。第二个提出了一个似乎正在迅速发展的有趣话题：海洋中的生态连通性。作为我自己的昆虫生态学家，我从未想过在这种情况下以及如何实现连通性。本章的受邀作者Carr和Hazen提供了一些示例，说明新技术如何使人们了解中上层和沿海地区的连通性，指出海洋走廊如何在保护中发挥关键作用，并警告这些生态系统当前面临的威胁。最后一章提供了关于如何实施和保护走廊的实用观点，包括对土地所有者保护其土地的动机和激励措施的回顾。这些概念得到世界各地现有走廊的七个示例的支持，这些示例涵盖了不同的规模，生态系统和管理策略，除了未来的研究议程之外，这是结束本书的一种良好而乐观的方式。

在景观生态学论纲，Kymberly A. With用一本精心编写且清晰的教科书总结了她在研究和教学景观生态学方面的丰富经验以及出色的艺术作品，这很可能使它成为景观生态学课程的经常参考信息。每章均以指导性问题或陈述开头，以未来的研究方向，简洁的总结要点以及一系列可以激发进一步阅读和思考的讨论问题作为结尾。全文中提供了来自几组生物体和不同地理区域的许多示例，这有助于阐明这些概念。在每一章中都有引人注目的补充，突出了其主要信息。其中一些来自古典作家和基石研究，但其他则来自最近的作品，

比例是景观生态学的中心概念，因此选择比例问题作为出发点是合理的。除了时空尺度的含义外，还描述了生物学和景观生态学中的分层系统，并为本书的其余部分奠定了基础。利用几个案例研究探讨了景观异质性和动力学及其与干扰的联系，以说明异质性为什么在景观生态学中发挥中心作用。有关景观格局分析的讨论更具技术性，提供了方法和可用数据源的概述，可用于计算广泛使用的景观组成和配置指标并执行空间分析。

在“景观连通性”一章中，走廊生态学与景观生态学之间的区别变得清晰：在后者中，重点更加放在斑块和景观尺度的连通性措施上，并详细讨论了连通性评估背后的生态理论。使用理论，经典和新颖方法的组合来评估景观对不同生态水平的影响，并通过案例研究来说明这些问题。展示用于建模运动和种群生态学的不同方法以及研究景观遗传学的方法特别有用。关于人口空间扩散的章节包括关于景观流行病学的一个小节，由于Covid-19大流行，这一主题当然变得相关。对社区和生态系统的影响是复杂的主题，无法从多个角度解决。其中几个已经清楚地说明了，2012）。我认为，在获得如此可观的信息之后，一个总结部分对当前情况进行广泛的介绍将是有用的。但是，这可能超出了本书的范围和目标。

关于视觉外观，艺术品和图像的使用，这两本书处于相反的极端。走廊生态学使用相当简单的图表和图形（主要来自以前发表的文章）和说明性照片来显示示例。尽管前者通常可以提高对特定概念的理解，但是黑白照片却没有做出实质性贡献。在景观生态学论纲，文字和图形紧密相连，使图形成为本书的重要组成部分。此外，彩色插图在视觉上很吸引人，并有助于人们理解所描述的概念。考虑到这两本书的大小和价格，似乎艺术品的价格差异并不大。但这确实使阅读体验更加刺激，我相信，《景观生态学要点》对这些元素的额外关注得到了回报。

毫无疑问，迫切需要加大力度保护生物多样性和人类从中获得的生态系统服务。尽管走廊是保护的有用工具，但有人认为走廊的最小宽度应为2 km（Beier 2019）。考虑到农田几乎覆盖了地球上40％的土地，这在许多地区都是不现实的（Foley等人，2011年）。这就是为什么我认为保护的未来需要吸收来自景观生态学的最新经验，但应将其与社会生态学以及政府的激励措施和法规结合起来。这种跨学科的方法可以确保异质景观的持续存在，以及农业的生态集约化，可以帮助更大范围地维持生物多样性。