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Influence of Quaternary environmental changes on mole populations inferred from mitochondrial sequences and evolutionary rate estimation
Zoological Letters ( IF 2.7 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-15 , DOI: 10.1186/s40851-021-00169-9
Azusa Nakamoto , Masashi Harada , Reiko Mitsuhashi , Kimiyuki Tsuchiya , Alexey P. Kryukov , Akio Shinohara , Hitoshi Suzuki

Quaternary environmental changes fundamentally influenced the genetic diversity of temperate-zone terrestrial animals, including those in the Japanese Archipelago. The genetic diversity of present-day populations is taxon- and region-specific, but its determinants are poorly understood. Here, we analyzed cytochrome b gene (Cytb) sequences (1140 bp) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to elucidate the factors determining the genetic variation in three species of large moles: Mogera imaizumii and Mogera wogura, which occur in central and southern mainland Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu), and Mogera robusta, which occurs on the nearby Asian continent. Network construction with the Cytb sequences revealed 10 star-shaped clusters with apparent geographic affinity. Mismatch distribution analysis showed that modes of pairwise nucleotide differences (τ values) were grouped into five classes in terms of the level, implying the occurrence of five stages for rapid expansion. It is conceivable that severe cold periods and subsequent warm periods during the late Quaternary were responsible for the population expansion events. The first and third oldest events included island-derived haplotypes, indicative of the involvement of land bridge formation between remote islands, hence suggesting an association of the ends of the penultimate (PGM, ca. 130,000 years ago) and last (LGM, ca. 15,000 years ago) glacial maxima, respectively. Since the third event was followed by the fourth, it is plausible that the termination of the Younger Dryas and subsequent abrupt warming ca. 11,500 years ago facilitated the fourth expansion event. The second event most likely corresponded to early marine isotope stage (MIS) 3 (ca. 53,000 years ago) when the glaciation and subsequent warming period were predicted to have influenced biodiversity. Utilization of the critical times of 130,000, 53,000, 15,000, and 11,500 years ago as calibration points yielded evolutionary rates of 0.03, 0.045, 0.10 and 0.10 substitutions/site/million years, respectively, showing a time-dependent manner whose pattern was similar to that seen in small rodents reported in our previous studies. The age of the fifth expansion event was calculated to be 5800 years ago with a rate of 0.10 substitutions/site/million years ago during the mid-Holocene, suggestive of the influence of humans or other unspecified reasons, such as the Jomon marine transgression.

中文翻译:

第四纪环境变化对线粒体序列推导的摩尔种群和进化速率估计的影响

第四纪环境变化从根本上影响了包括日本群岛在内的温带陆生动物的遗传多样性。当今人群的遗传多样性是特定于分类和地区的,但对其决定因素了解甚少。在这里,我们分析了线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的细胞色素b基因(Cytb)序列(1140 bp),以阐明决定在日本中部和南部发生的三类大痣的遗传变异的决定因素:伊美拉莫日香和西洋莫拉日香(本州,四国和九州),以及在附近亚洲大陆上生长的罗非鱼(Mogera Robusta)。用Cytb序列构建网络揭示了10个具有明显地理亲和力的星形簇。错配分布分析表明,成对核苷酸差异的模式(τ值)按水平分为五类,这意味着发生了五个快速扩增阶段。可以想象,第四纪晚期的严寒期和随后的温暖期是造成人口膨胀事件的原因。第一个和第三个最古老的事件包括岛屿衍生的单倍型,表明在偏远岛屿之间形成了陆桥,因此暗示了倒数第二个末端(PGM,大约130,000年前)和最后一个末端(LGM,大约1023年)的关联。 15,000年前)冰川最大值。由于第三次事件之后是第四次事件,因此有可能是年轻树妖的终结以及随后突然变暖的原因。11 500年前促成了第四次扩展活动。第二个事件很可能对应于早期海洋同位素阶段(MIS)3(大约53,000年前),当时预计冰川活动和随后的变暖期已经影响了生物多样性。利用130,000、53,000、15,000和11,500年前的临界时间作为校准点,分别产生了0.03、0.045、0.10和0.10个置换/位点/百万年的进化速率,显示出时间依赖性方式,其模式类似于在我们先前的研究中报道的小型啮齿动物中观察到的结果。第五次膨胀事件的年龄经计算是在5800年前,在全新世中期,每站点/百万年前的替代率为0.10,暗示了人类的影响或其他未指明的原因,例如绳纹海侵。第二个事件很可能对应于早期海洋同位素阶段(MIS)3(大约53,000年前),当时预计冰川活动和随后的变暖期已经影响了生物多样性。利用130,000、53,000、15,000和11,500年前的临界时间作为校准点,分别产生了0.03、0.045、0.10和0.10个置换/位点/百万年的进化速率,显示出时间依赖性方式,其模式类似于在我们先前的研究中报道的小型啮齿动物中观察到的结果。第五次膨胀事件的年龄经计算是在5800年前,在全新世中期,每站点/百万年前的替代率为0.10,暗示了人类的影响或其他未指明的原因,例如绳纹海侵。第二个事件很可能对应于早期海洋同位素阶段(MIS)3(大约53,000年前),当时预计冰川活动和随后的变暖期已经影响了生物多样性。利用130,000、53,000、15,000和11,500年前的临界时间作为校准点,分别产生了0.03、0.045、0.10和0.10个置换/位点/百万年的进化速率,显示出时间依赖性方式,其模式类似于在我们先前的研究中报道的小型啮齿动物中观察到的结果。第五次膨胀事件的年龄经计算是在5800年前,在全新世中期,每站点/百万年前的替代率为0.10,暗示了人类的影响或其他未指明的原因,例如绳纹海侵。
更新日期:2021-02-15
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