This paper looks at the ancient Jewish talmudic literature (4th-7th centuries CE) for information about fish and fish products in the ancient world and compares it with information from classical sources and from archaeology. Analysis of the texts show that information about food, and particularly fish and fish products, can be derived from texts originally written as religious regulations and moral narratives. Talmudic textual evidence, backed up by parallel archaeological finds, documents long-distance transport of preserved fish, including what is identified as Nile perch from Egypt and mackerel from Spain. Parallel papyrological evidence testifies to the import of the parrot wrasse. Graeco-Roman allec, a sauce made of macerated tiny fish, is identified by the Palestinian Talmud with tarit terufah, made of tiny chopped fish, and afitz, cf Greek afye, immature fish, often cooked as such. Remains of allec have been found archaeologically in Israel/Palestine. The Palestinian Talmud identifies tarit[a] with tzaḥana, one of a trio of strong-smelling Babylonian fish-dishes eaten by the poor: the others are gildana and harsana. The varied material on these discussed here adds to our knowledge of ancient salted and/or fermented fish-dishes. The identification of tzaḥana with 9th-to-10th century ṣaḥna from Baghdad of the Caliphs and 14th-century Cairo appears very likely. Thus tarit/tzaḥana/ṣaḥna appears to have been not very appetising processed fish food for the poor in Roman Palestine, Jewish Babylonia, Baghdad of the Abbasid Caliphs and Mamluk Egypt, and it may be identified with allec. The talmudic literature also discusses reasons for failure of the preservation processes, as well as of potentially lethal effects of insufficient preservation.

中文翻译：

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晚期古董巴勒斯坦和巴比伦的鱼和鱼制品在社会和地理背景下：考古学和塔木德文学

本文着眼于古代犹太塔木德文献（公元 4 至 7 世纪），以获取有关古代世界鱼类和鱼制品的信息，并将其与来自古典资源和考古学的信息进行比较。对文本的分析表明，关于食物的信息，尤其是鱼和鱼产品，可以从最初作为宗教规定和道德叙述编写的文本中获得。以平行考古发现为后盾的塔木德文字证据记录了保存鱼的长途运输，包括来自埃及的尼罗河鲈鱼和来自西班牙的鲭鱼。平行的纸莎草学证据证明了鹦鹉濑鱼的进口。Graeco-Roman allec 是一种由浸软的小鱼制成的酱汁，被巴勒斯坦塔木德认定为 tarit terufah，由切碎的小鱼和 afitz 制成，cf 希腊 afye，未成熟的鱼，通常如此烹制。考古学家在以色列/巴勒斯坦发现了 allec 的遗迹。巴勒斯坦塔木德将 tarit[a] 标识为 tzaḥana，这是穷人吃的三种气味强烈的巴比伦鱼菜之一：其他是 gildana 和 harsana。此处讨论的各种材料增加了我们对古代腌制和/或发酵鱼类菜肴的了解。tzaḥana 与 9 至 10 世纪哈里发巴格达和 14 世纪开罗的 ṣaḥna 的鉴定似乎很可能。因此，tarit/tzaḥana/ṣaḥna 对于罗马巴勒斯坦、犹太巴比伦、阿拔斯哈里发的巴格达和埃及的马穆鲁克的穷人来说似乎不是很开胃的加工鱼食，它可能被认定为 allec。塔木德文献还讨论了保存过程失败的原因，