Prior to the emergence of the fully officialised temples of the Hittite state, formal religious space in Anatolia is recognisable in a handful of small shrines or sanctuaries. Presumably at the service of local communities, but neither monumental nor formulaic, such shrines attest to a modest if eclectic range of religious activities in the early second millennium. Also to be included in this range are rituals which took place within the domestic sphere, pointing to private family-based concerns, rather than a communal agenda, guiding ritual activity. Such spaces are conspicuous in the Lower Town settlement of the well-known site of Kültepe-Kaneš, where a small number of private houses were furnished with a cultic installation in the form of a stone stele. Associated with a range of other symbolically charged elements (such as ritual vessels, foundation or votive deposits), these stelae are a stark testimony to the practice of delineating permanent, formalised ritual space within quotidian domestic space. This article offers a detailed examination of stone stelae at Kültepe-Kaneš in order to identify meaningful frameworks of contextual analysis, cross-cultural comparanda and correlation of the archaeological data with visual and textual accounts of cult activity in a society in which local Anatolian and northern Mesopotamian elements intermixed over several generations from the beginning of the 20th to that of the 17th century BC.

中文翻译：

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Kültepe-Kaneš 的石碑和宗教空间

在赫梯国家完全官方化的寺庙出现之前，安纳托利亚的正式宗教空间在少数几个小型神殿或圣殿中是可以识别的。大概是为当地社区服务，但既不是纪念性的也不是公式化的，这样的神社证明了第二个千年初期的宗教活动范围不大，但不拘一格。也包括在这个范围内的还有发生在家庭领域的仪式，指向基于私人家庭的关注，而不是公共议程，指导仪式活动。这样的空间在著名的 Kültepe-Kaneš 遗址的下城定居点很显眼，那里的少数私人住宅配有石碑形式的邪教装置。与一系列其他具有象征意义的元素（如礼器、基础或还愿存款），这些石碑是在日常家庭空间中划定永久、正式的仪式空间的实践的鲜明证明。本文对 Kültepe-Kaneš 的石碑进行了详细检查，以确定有意义的背景分析框架、跨文化比较以及考古数据与当地安纳托利亚和北部地区的邪教活动的视觉和文字描述的相关性。从 20 世纪初到公元前 17 世纪，美索不达米亚元素混合了几代人。