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Race, criminalization, and embedded discrimination in immigration court
Safer Communities Pub Date : 2019-10-14 , DOI: 10.1108/sc-12-2018-0033
Michelle VanNatta

As the US criminal justice system and immigration system increasingly interconnect, even immigration policy that is facially race-neutral may involve biased practices. The purpose of this paper is to examine how institutional racism in criminal legal processes creates particular barriers for many individuals of Latin American and/or African descent facing deportation proceedings in US immigration courts, particularly in assertions regarding gang affiliation.,This research is based on ethnographic observation. The work utilized a grounded theory approach. The observation took place at public master calendar hearings at a Midwestern immigration court between 2013 and 2015, yielding over 400 pages of fieldnotes that were coded and analyzed for patterns.,Non-citizens in the USA, including lawful permanent residents, are subject to deportation if labeled “criminal.” Racial profiling and criminalization of communities of color create heightened risk of deportation. Assumptions that common tattoos or urban fashion indicate criminality, reliance on Facebook posts to “prove” gang membership, and the use of arrest records as evidence of criminality even if charges were dropped all put immigrants of Latin American and/or African descent at heightened risk.,The ethnographic method used has strong validity but weaker reliability and generalizability.,This paper can help analysts, policymakers and advocates consider how to adapt systems to increase equity.,This research provides direct examples and ethnographic evidence of how race and cultural bias in criminal legal processes and immigration policies can affect people in deportation proceedings.

中文翻译:

种族,定罪和移民法院中的歧视

随着美国刑事司法系统和移民系统之间日益紧密的联系,即使是表面上种族中立的移民政策也可能涉及偏颇的做法。本文的目的是研究刑事法律程序中的制度种族主义如何为许多在美国移民法院面临驱逐出境的拉美和/或非裔血统的人,特别是在涉及帮派关系的主张中,设置特殊的障碍。人种学观察。这项工作采用了扎根的理论方法。观察是在2013年至2015年期间,在中西部移民法院的公众主日历听证会上进行的,产生了超过400页的田野记录,对田野记录进行了编码和模式分析。美国的非公民,包括合法的永久居民,如果标记为“犯罪”,将被驱逐出境。种族貌相和有色人种的犯罪定罪导致驱逐出境的风险增加。假设普通的纹身或都市风尚表明犯罪,依靠Facebook帖子“证明”帮派会员身份,甚至使用逮捕记录作为犯罪证据,即使撤销指控也都使拉丁美洲和/或非洲裔的移民面临更大的风险。 。,所使用的人种志方法具有较强的有效性,但可靠性和泛化性较弱。本文可以帮助分析人员,政策制定者和拥护者考虑如何调整制度以增加公平性。该研究提供了直接的实例和人种学证据,说明了种族和文化偏见如何刑事法律程序和移民政策会影响驱逐出境程序中的人员。种族歧视和有色人种被定为刑事犯罪,导致驱逐出境的风险增加。假设普通的纹身或都市风尚表明犯罪,依靠Facebook帖子“证明”帮派会员身份,甚至使用逮捕记录作为犯罪证据,即使撤销指控也都使拉丁美洲和/或非洲裔的移民面临更大的风险。 。,所使用的人种志方法具有较强的有效性,但可靠性和泛化性较弱。本文可以帮助分析人员,政策制定者和拥护者考虑如何调整制度以增加公平性。该研究提供了直接的实例和人种学证据,说明了种族和文化偏见如何刑事法律程序和移民政策会影响驱逐出境程序中的人员。种族歧视和有色人种被定为刑事犯罪,导致驱逐出境的风险增加。假设普通的纹身或都市风尚表明犯罪,依靠Facebook帖子“证明”帮派会员身份,甚至使用逮捕记录作为犯罪证据,即使撤销指控也都使拉丁美洲和/或非洲裔的移民面临更大的风险。 。,所使用的人种志方法具有较强的有效性,但可靠性和泛化性较弱。本文可以帮助分析人员,政策制定者和拥护者考虑如何调整制度以增加公平性。该研究提供了直接的实例和人种学证据,说明了种族和文化偏见如何刑事法律程序和移民政策会影响驱逐出境程序中的人员。
更新日期:2019-10-14
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