Supererogatory acts are those that lie “beyond the call of duty.” There are two standard ways to define this idea more precisely. Although the definitions are often seen as equivalent, I argue that they can diverge when (1) options are infinite, or when (2) there are cycles of better options; moreover, each definition is acceptable in only one case. I consider two ways out of this dilemma.

中文翻译：

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无限的选择、不及物价值和超效

上级行为是那些“超出职责范围”的行为。有两种标准方法可以更精确地定义这个想法。虽然这些定义通常被视为等价的，但我认为当 (1) 选项是无限的，或者当 (2) 有更好选择的循环时，它们会发生分歧；此外，每个定义只在一种情况下是可以接受的。我认为有两种方法可以摆脱这种困境。