A number of philosophers have become interested in the ways that individuals are subject to harm as the performers of illocutionary acts. This paper offers an account of the underlying structure of such harms: I argue that speakers are the subjects of illocutionary harm when there is interference in the entitlement structure of their linguistic activities. This interference comes in two forms: denial and incapacitation . In cases of denial, a speaker is prevented from achieving the outcomes to which they are entitled by their speech (where such entitlements are based on their meeting certain conditions). In cases of incapacitation, a speaker’s standing to expect certain outcomes is itself undermined. I also discuss how individual speakers are subject to interference along two dimensions: as exercisers of certain non-linguistic capacities (such as knowledge and authority), and as producers of meaningful speech.

中文翻译：

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无意伤害

许多哲学家已经对个人作为言外行为的执行者受到伤害的方式感兴趣。本文提供了这种伤害的潜在结构的说明：我认为，当说话者的语言活动的权利结构受到干扰时，他们就是言外伤害的主体。这种干扰有两种形式：否认和丧失能力。在拒绝的情况下，演讲者无法实现他们通过演讲获得的结果（这种权利基于他们满足某些条件）。在丧失能力的情况下，演讲者期待某些结果的立场本身就会受到损害。我还讨论了单个扬声器如何受到两个维度的干扰：