What kind of affective phenomenon is religious zeal and how does it relate to other affective phenomena, such as moral anger, hatred, and love? In this paper, I argue that religious zeal can be both, and be presented and interpreted as both, a love-like passion and an anger-like emotion. As a passion, religious zeal consists of the loving devotion to a transcendent religious object or idea such as God. It is a relatively enduring attachment that is constitutive of who the zealot is, and it expresses itself in a distinctive set of mental and behavioral dispositions. Most importantly, it motivates uncompromising actions and involves intense, hot, and deep emotions. As an anger-like emotion, religious zeal is an occurrent affective state of mind that is intentionally directed towards a specific (immanent) object, characteristically a person or group of persons. It condemns the violation of a religious norm that is taken to be of absolute validity and general applicability. It motivates an action aiming at vengeance and retaliation, and it involves intense and hot feelings of hostility towards its object. I argue that rather than reducing the complex phenomenon of religious zeal to one of these two manifestations, we should reflect upon the question of how the two distinct conceptualizations relate to each other (and are interwoven with political interests).

中文翻译：

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宗教热情是一种情感现象

宗教热情是一种什么样的情感现象，它与道德情感，仇恨和爱等其他情感现象有什么关系？在本文中，我认为宗教热情可以既是爱一样的激情，也可以是愤怒一样的情感，并且可以被表达和解释为两者。作为一种热情，宗教热忱包括对超然宗教对象或观念（如上帝）的热爱。这是一个相对持久的依恋关系，是狂热者是谁的组成部分，它以一系列独特的心理和行为倾向来表达自己。最重要的是，它激发了不屈不挠的动作，并涉及到强烈，炽热和深刻的情感。作为一种类似愤怒的情绪，宗教热忱是一种有意产生的情感状态，有意地针对特定的（内在）对象，通常是一个人或一群人。它谴责违反宗教规范的行为，这种行为被认为是绝对有效和普遍适用的。它激发了旨在进行报复和报复的行动，并且涉及对其目标怀有强烈而热烈的敌意。我认为，我们不应将复杂的宗教热情现象简化为这两种表现形式之一，而应思考以下问题：两种截然不同的概念化如何相互联系（并与政治利益交织在一起）。