The 19th‐century house of commons is traditionally viewed as a masculine space overlooking the presence of female tourists, waitresses, housekeepers, servants, spectators, and residents. This essay demonstrates that, even when formally excluded from the Commons, women were determined to colonize spaces to witness debates. In the pre‐1834 Commons they created their own observation gallery in an attic high above the chamber, peeping through a light fitting to listen to parliamentary sessions. After 1834, they were accommodated in their own galleries in the temporary and new house of commons, growing increasingly assertive and protective of their rights to attend debates and participate in parliamentary political culture. Far from being exclusively male, parliament was increasingly viewed through women's eyes.

中文翻译：

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女性眼中的议会：19 世纪公地中的性别与空间

19 世纪的下议院传统上被视为一个男性化的空间，可以俯瞰女性游客、女服务员、管家、仆人、观众和居民的存在。这篇文章表明，即使被正式排除在下议院之外，女性也决心殖民空间以见证辩论。在 1834 年之前的下议院，他们在会议厅上方的阁楼上创建了自己的观景台，透过灯具偷看议会会议。1834 年之后，他们被安置在临时和新下议院的自己的画廊中，变得越来越自信并保护他们参加辩论和参与议会政治文化的权利。议会不再完全是男性，而是越来越多地通过女性的眼光来看待。