This article explores the problem of using a heuristic such as “waves” to organize historical accounts of pentecostal and charismatic movements. By looking closely at the rise of Italian Pentecostalism and its co-location with multiple sources of revivalism and denominational formation, it seeks to demonstrate that “network” approaches to modelling pentecostal emergence are a more accurate form of heuristic. In the case study, much material not previously made available in English is used, demonstrating the linguistic, cultural, and temporal/ geographic limitations of “wave” theory.

中文翻译：

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“波浪”的问题

本文探讨了使用启发式方法（例如“波浪”）来组织五旬节运动和魅力运动的历史记录的问题。通过仔细观察意大利五旬节主义的兴起及其与复兴主义和宗派形成的多种来源的共同定位，它试图证明建模五旬节出现的“网络”方法是一种更精确的启发式形式。在案例研究中，使用了许多以前没有的英语资料，这说明了“波浪”理论的语言，文化和时间/地理限制。