Abstract In Islamic law, kinship is defined by consanguineal and affinal relationships. Birth and Islamic marriage are important events that define religious responsibilities of family members towards each other. Some responsibilities are connected to Mahramiyat, a framework of interpersonal relations that regulates marriages and interactions with the opposite sex. Besides consanguineal and affinal bonds, mahramiyat and kinship can also be established through breastfeeding. The relationship formed through breastfeeding is called milk mahramiyat/kinship. It is spoken of in the Quran and hadith and has been extensively discussed in Islamic Feqh. This study investigates Shi’i guidelines on milk kinship. My interest is in the exploration of existing gendered rulings on the conditions of milk mahramiyat/kinship in Shi’i jurisprudence. The analysis aims to bring forth discussions on the significance of breast milk and the maternal body, and to investigate how milk kinship is framed within the patrilineal system of kinship in Shi’a Islam. The findings discuss rulings on the role of milk-mother and -father in the way kinship takes effect. While patrilineal kinship is often defined based on a paternal ‘milk line’, the study suggests that alternative readings and interpretations of the Quran and hadith are available that centralize the mother and the maternal body.

中文翻译：

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牛奶的血统与什叶派伊斯兰教的孕产妇

摘要在伊斯兰教法中，亲属关系由近亲和亲属关系定义。出生和伊斯兰婚姻是确定家庭成员彼此之间宗教责任的重要事件。有些责任与Mahramiyat有关，Mahramiyat是一种人际关系框架，用于规范异性的婚姻和互动。除了血缘和亲缘关系，母乳喂养和亲属关系也可以通过母乳喂养建立。通过母乳喂养形成的关系称为母乳/亲属关系。它在《古兰经》和《圣训》中都有提及，并且在《伊斯兰教义》中已得到广泛讨论。这项研究调查了什叶派关于牛奶亲属关系的准则。我的兴趣是探索有关什叶派法中关于牛奶加工/亲属关系的现有性别裁决。该分析旨在就母乳和母体的重要性展开讨论，并探讨什叶派伊斯兰教在父系亲属体系中如何建立牛奶亲属关系。研究结果讨论了关于亲子关系在母子关系中发挥作用的裁定。虽然父系血统通常是基于父系“母乳系”来定义的，但这项研究表明，对古兰经和圣训的替代阅读和解释可以使母亲和母体集中在一起。