Abstract The paper deals with significantly different sources and historical periods: the parts dedicated to breastfeeding are based on votive statuettes of adults with infant/s from ancient Latium and Southern Etruria; the ones on pregnancy and childbirth are based on two archeological sources – one from Southern Etruria and one from Imperial Rome – which show the male (divine) appropriation of exclusively female biological functions; The parts on mothering are based on the concept of “mothering figures” (male mothering, animal mothering…) through mythological examples from Greek, Etruscan, and Roman art and narratives. Despite the heterogeneous documentation, we may conclude that the mother was not the only active character in the process of conceiving, giving birth, breastfeeding, and raising an infant in the Greek, Etruscan, and Roman societies. Many other figures close to the mother – male and female – were engaged in obtaining divine protection for her and her child; in helping, supporting, and even substituting her when necessary (and, of course, when possible). The research has been conducted mainly by using the concept of kourotrophia and mothering figures as analytical tools.

中文翻译：

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Kourotrophia和“母性”人物：在希腊，伊特鲁里亚人和罗马世界中作为集体过程而构想和抚养婴儿。叙事和艺术中的一些宗教证据

摘要本文探讨了截然不同的来源和历史时期：专门用于母乳喂养的部分是基于古老的拉提姆和南部伊特鲁里亚州成年婴儿的奉献雕像。有关怀孕和分娩的资料是基于两种考古学资料的，其中一种来自南部的伊特鲁里亚（Etruria），另一种来自帝国罗马（Imperial Rome），这些资料表明男性（神）只使用女性的生物学功能；关于母性的部分是基于“母性人物”的概念（男性的母性，动物的母性……），通过希腊，伊特鲁里亚人，罗马艺术和叙事的神话例子进行阐述。尽管文献各不相同，但我们可以得出结论，在希腊人伊特鲁里亚人（Etruscan）中，母亲并不是受孕，分娩，母乳喂养和抚养婴儿过程中唯一活跃的角色，和罗马社会。与母亲关系密切的许多其他人，包括男性和女性，都在为她和她的孩子获得神圣的保护。在必要时（当然，如果可能）帮助，支持甚至替代她。这项研究主要是通过使用口蹄疫的概念和母体数字作为分析工具来进行的。