Abstract Variation in writing is highly frequent at both the visual and the functional levels. However, as of yet, the associated notion of allography has not been systematically described. In this article, two major types of allography are proposed: graphetic allography, conceptually comparable to allophony, depends on visual similarity and captures how concrete units are associated with visual abstractions, i.e., how three graphs in are instances of the basic shape |a|. Graphematic allography, conceptually closer to allomorphy, does not depend on visual similarity but groups together units that share the same function, i.e., represent the same linguistic unit (phoneme, syllable, morpheme, etc.) and are complementarily distributed, meaning there exist no contexts in which they contrast. An example is the positionally conditioned alternation between |σ| vs |ς| for the Greek grapheme . By means of a number of criteria, subtypes of graphetic and graphematic allography are proposed and examples are given from different writing systems. A special case that is discussed is the complex phenomenon of capitalization. Additionally, examples of variation phenomena that are not included in the concept of allography are given, and orthographic variation is addressed as a marginal case of variation dependent on the norm rather than the system.

中文翻译：

---

地势类型

摘要写作的变化在视觉和功能层面都是很常见的。但是，到目前为止，有关地势学的相关概念尚未得到系统地描述。在本文中，提出了两种主要的地形图：从概念上讲，等位线在概念上可比拟的图形化地形图取决于视觉相似性，并捕获了具体单元与视觉抽象的关联方式，即三个图形中的基本形状| a |的实例。 。从概念上讲更接近于同形异形的字形异形不依赖于视觉相似性，而是将共享相同功能的单元（即代表相同语言单元（音素，音节，语素等），并且互补分布）组合在一起，这意味着不存在他们对比的上下文。一个示例是|σ|之间的位置条件交替 vs |ς| 为希腊字素。借助许多标准，提出了图形和图形Allography的子类型，并给出了来自不同书写系统的示例。讨论的一个特例是复杂的大写现象。此外，给出了变体现象概念中未包括的变体现象的示例，并且正字形变体被视为取决于规范而不是系统的变体的边际情况。